*/ 


5.  DEPARTMENT  OE  AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU  OF  ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN 


IOWARI).   -: 


PEOCEEDTX* 


OF  THE 


SEVENTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING 


OF  THE 


ASSOCIATION  OF  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT     PRINT1 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN  No.  52. 

L.  O.  HOWARD,  Entomologist. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


SEVENTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING 


OF   THE 


ASSOCIATION  OF  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGISTS 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING     OFFICE. 

1905. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


United  States   Department  01    Agriculture, 

Bureau  or  Entomology, 
Washington,  1>.  C,  March  00,  /' 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  manuscript-  of  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Seventeenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Association  of 
Economic  Entomologists,  which  was  held  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  De- 
cember 29  and  30,  L904.     As  the  papers  presented  at  the  meetings 
of  tin-  association   are  of  very  considerable  economic   importance, 
and  as  the   Department  of  Agriculture  has  hitherto  published  the 
report-  of  the  secretaries  of  these  meetings  as  bulletins.  I  recommend 
the  publication  of  the  present  report  a-  bulletin  No.  52  of  this  Bureau. 
The  text  figures  arc  accessary  for  the  illustration  of  the  text. 
Respectfully,  L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 
lion.  James  Wilson, 

§f;  .  n  tary  of  Agriciclturt . 


(2) 


CONTEXTS 


Page. 


Seventeenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Association  i  :   E  onomig  ENTO- 
MOLOGISTS. 

Some  Present-Day  Features  of  Applied  Entomology  in  America. 

^4.  L.  Quaintanee..  5 

Experiments  with  Lime-Sulphur  Washes E.  P.  Felt. .         35 

Xutes  on  Cuban  Insects  ( abstract  I Mel.  T.  Cook .. 

Some  Observations  on  the  Cotton  Boll  Weevil  |  illustrat- 

E.  Dwight  Sanderson..        39 
The  Fall  Webw.rni  Partially  Double-brooded  in  Connecticut. 

W.  E.  Britton..         42 
Preliminary  Report  upon  Work  against  a  Destructive   Leaf-Hopper 

Empoasea  malt  LeB.  i  |  illustrated  | F.  L.  Washburn . .        43 

Additions  to  our  Knowledge  of  the  Cabinet  Beetle  {Anthrenus  verbasci 

Linn.  |  i  illustrated  | Henry  L.  Viereek. .        48 

*  Spraying  Apples  against  the  Plum  Curculio  r .S'.  A.  Forbes. .        49 

*  Value  of  Copper  Sulphate  against  Mosquito  Larva?.  ..C.  L.  Marlatt..        49 

Brief  Xotes  on  Ohio  Insects  for  1904 Herbert  Osborn .  _         49 

Notes  for  the  Year — New  York E.  P.  Felt. .        51 

Some  Economic  Insects  for  the  Year  1904  in  Ohio 4.  F.  Burgess. . 

Injurious  Insects  in  Minnesota  in  1904 F.  L.  Washburn . .         55 

Insects  of  the  Year  in  Colorado  I  illustrated  C.  P.  Gillette..        58 

Distribution    and   Migrations  of  the  Mormon  Cricket  <  Anabrus  sim- 
plex Hald. )  in  Colorado  ( illustrated ) S.  Arth ur  Joh nson .  _         62 

Miscellaneous  Xotes  from  Texas -4.  F.  Conradi..        66 

Insects  of  the  Year  1904  in  Georgia. .  WUvnon  Ni  well  and  P.  I.  Smith . .        69 
The  Present  Status  of  the  Predatory  Insects  introduced  into  Xew  Jersey. 

John  B.  Smith..         74 
Report  on  the  "  Xew  Orleans  "  Ant  (Iridomyrmex  humilis  Mayr)  (illus- 
trated)  E.S.G.  Titus..         79 

The  Cottony  Maple  Scale:   An  Unusual  Outbreak,  and  Experiments 

with  Insecticides S.  Arth  u  r  Joh  nson . .        85 

Some  Experiences  with  Pulvinaria Howard  Evarts  Weed. .        88 

*  Laboratory  Experiments  with  Carbon  Bisulphid.-.F.  L.  Washburn..        95 
Some  Xotes  on  the  Fumigation  of  Household  Insects  and  their  Eggs 

with  Hydrocyanic-Acid  Gas J.  L.  Ph  illips. .         95 

*  Insects  Collected  from  the  Flowers  of  Tree  and  Bush  Fruits. 

W.  E.  Britton  and  Henry  L.  Viereek..         97 
*A  Destructive  Ptinid  Xew  to  Xorth  America .James  Fletcher. .         97 

*  Injurious  Insects  of  the  Year  in  Canada James  Fletcher. .         97 

*The  Amount  of  Injury  from  the  Cotton  Boll  Weevil, 

E.  Dwight  Sanderson..         97 
The  Coffee  Leaf-Miner  (Leucoptera  coffeella  Stain.) Mel.  T.  Cook..        97 

*  Gypsy  Moth  and  Brown-tail  Moth  Conditions  during  1904. 

C.  L.  Marlatt..       100 

Black-Fly  Studies A.  F.  Conradi. .       100 

The  Fumigation  of  a  Fruit  House  for  Controlling  the  Codling  Moth, 

.4.  F.  Burgess..       101 
The  Importation  and  Breeding  of  Honey  Bees  of  Various  Types 

Frank  Benton..       103 

*  Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere. 
(3) 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 
Fk».  1.  Diagram  showing  normal  mean  monthly  temperature  and  the  mean 

monthly  temperature  during  1904  at  Victoria.  Tex 35 

2.  Ontfit  used  for  spraying  young  apple  trees  for  Empoasca  »i<i!i 4."> 

3.  Egg  of  - 1  n  th  nn  us  verbasci 48 

4.  Section  of  radish,  showing  injury  from  maggot  of  Anthoniyia  sp  . .  00 

5.  Cross  section  of  radish,  showing  injury  from  Anthomyia  sp 60 

6.  Map  showing  territory  infested  by  Andbrus  simplex  in  Colorado.-.  64 

7.  Persimmons,  showing  protective  covering  made  by  Iridomyrmex 

h  u  m  His 80 


(4) 


THE  SEVENTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION 
OF  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


MORNING  SESSION,  THURSDAY,  DECEMBER  29.  1904. 

The  Association  met  in  the  laboratory  of  physiology  and  pathology 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia.  Pa.,  on  December 
29  and  30,  1004.  The  following-  were  in  attendance  at  the  several 
sessions : 

W,  B.  Alwood.  Blaeksburg,  Va. ;  G.  M.  Bentley,  Raleigh,  N.  C. ;  Frank  Ben- 
ton, Washington.  D.  C. :  F.  C.  Bishopp,  Washington.  D.  C. :  W.  E.  Brit- 
ton,  New  Haven.  Conn. :  A.  F.  Burgess,  Columbus,  Ohio :  C.  E.  Chambliss, 
Clemson  College,  S.  C. :  M.  T.  Cook,  Santiago  de  las  Vegas.  Cuba  :  E.  B.  Engle, 
Harrisburg,  Pa.  :  E.  P.  Felt.  Albany.  N.  Y. :  H.  T.  Fernald.  Amherst.  Mass. ; 
James  Fletcher.  Ottawa.  Canada  :  S.  A.  Forbes,  Urbana,  111.  ;  H.  Garman,  Lex- 
ington,  Ky. ;  C.   P.   Gillette,   Fort   Collins.   Colo. :  L.    O.    Howard.    Washington, 

D.  C. :  W.  D.  Hunter.  Washington,  D.  C. :  William  Loehhead.  Guelph.  Ontario, 
Canada  ;  A.  D.  MacGillivray,  Ithaea,  N.  Y. ;  C.  L.  Marlatt,  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
G.  W.  Martin.  Nashville,  Tenn. ;  Leslie  Martin,  Washington,  D.  C.  ;  Yasushi 
Xawa,  Gifu.  Japan :  Herbert  Osborn,  Columbus,  Ohio ;  J.  L.  Phillips,  Blacks- 
burg.  Va. ;  A.  L.  Quaintance,  Washington,  D.  C. :  W.  A.  Riley,  Ithaca,  N.  Y, ; 

E.  D.  Sanderson,  Durham,  X.  H. :  William  Saunders.  London,  Ontario,  Canada  : 
W.  M.  Scott,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Henry  Skinner.  Philadelphia.  Pa.  ;  M.  V. 
Slingerland.  Ithaca.  X.  Y.  :  J.  B.  Smith.  New  Brunswick  X.  J.  :  H.  E.  Summers, 
Ames,  Iowa :  H.  A.  Surface,  Harrisburg,  Pa. :  E.  S.  G.  Titus,  Washington, 
D.  C. ;  H.  L.  Viereck.  Xew  Haven,  Conn. ;  F,  L.  Washburn,  St.  Anthony  Park, 
Minn. ;  F.  M.  Webster,  Urbana,  111. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  at  10  a.  m.  by  the  president.  Mr. 
A.  L.  Quaintance.  who  deliA-ered  his  annual  address  as  follows : 

SOME    PRESENT-DAY   FEATURES    OF    APPLIED    ENTOMOLOGY   IN 

AMERICA 

By  A.  L.  Quaintance.  Washington,  D.  C. 

It  is  one  of  the  present-day  beliefs  that  we  are  living  in  a  period  of 
unexampled  scientific  activity.  A  census  of  achievement  during  the 
past  two  or  three  decades  would  undoubtedly  furnish  evidence  that 
this  belief  is  well  founded.  This  activity  has  been  as  notable  in 
applied  as  in  pure  science.  Indeed,  the  tendency  toward  almost 
immediate  utilization  of  scientific  discoveries  in  practical  affairs  has 

(5) 


6 

been  characteristic  of  modern  times,  and  to  this  must  be  attributed 
much  of  the  advancement  which,  as  a  nation,  we  have  made  in  agri- 
culture, in  commerce,  and  in  manufacture. 

Agriculture,  especially^  has  benefited  by  this  activity.  Agricul- 
tural chemistry,  plant  pathology,  horticulture,  bacteriology,  ento- 
mology, and  other  branches  of  pure  and  applied  science  have  each 
made  notable  contributions.  It  would  be  to  no  purpose  to  discuss  the 
relative  importance  of  the  contributions  which  these  respective 
sciences  have  made  and  are  making  to  agriculture,  for  they  are  as 
the  links  in  a  chain  and  are  closely  related  in  theory  and  in  practice: 
hut  a  prominent  place  .mist  he  conceded  to  economic  entomology, 
which  has,  perhaps,  been  as  productive  of  immediate  practical  results 
as  any  other.  Although,  in  the  United  States,  among  the  youngest 
of  the  sciences  concerned  with  problems  relating  to  agriculture,  the 
results  achieved  have  placed  economic  entomology  in  the  front  rank. 

In  explanation  of  it-  phenomenal  growth  it  may  be  said  that  one 
of  our  necessities,  as  a  rapidly  developing  country,  has  been  the  reduc- 
tion of  insect  losses  to  permit  the  profitable  cultivation  of  many  of 
our  important  crops.  With  the  constantly  increasing  population, 
new  regions  have  been  settled  and  the  lands  planted  in  crops,  the 
more  or  less  isolated  farms  of  former  days  giving  way  to  practically 
unbroken  areas  of  corn,  wheat,  cotton,  and  other  crops,  often  of  many 
miles  in  extent,  thus  furnishing  ideal  conditions  for  the  development 
and  spread  of  noxious  species.  Being  preeminently  a  practical  peo- 
ple, we  have  devised  ways  and  means  as  the  demand  has  grown,  and 
at  the  present  time  the  status  of  economic  entomology  is  quite  in 
keeping  with  our  agricultural  conditions. 

The  rate4  and  magnitude  of  our  agricultural  growth  and  the  con.-e- 
(uient  stimulus  to  applied  entomology  may.  perhaps,  be  fairly  judged 
from  certain  statistics  concerning  the  production  of  some  of  our 
staple  crops  during  the  decade  covered  by  the  Twelfth  Census.  The 
increase  in  plantings  of  corn  from  1 880  to  1800  in  the  United  States 
was  22,829,159  acre-,  an  increase  of  31.7  per  cent.  In  the  decade 
from  L890  to  L900  the  area  of  wheat  in  the  country  shows  a  gain  of 
56.6  per  cent,  or  about  1.9,000,000  acres.  The  increase  in  the  area  of 
cotton  from  1889  to  L899  was  t,099,831  acres,  a  gain  of  20.3  per  cent, 
and  it  bear-  on  the  subject  to  note  that  of  this  total  increase  Texas, 
Oklahoma,  and  Indian  Territory  furnished  3,637,398  acre-,  or  $8.7 
per  cent.  The  State  and  Territories  mentioned,  it  will  be  remem- 
I.  are  at  the  present  time  suffering  more  severely  from  insect 
depredations  on  cotton  than  i<  any  other  part  of  the  cotton  belt. 

The  increase  in  planting-  of  deciduous  fruits  has  been  scarcely  less 
remarkable.     At  the  present  time  there  are  numerous  orchards,  of 


peach  especially,  with  from  2.000  to  3.000  acres  in  practically  unbroken 
rows  of  trees.  Orchards  of  still  larger  size  are  planned  and  are  being 
planted  at  the  present  time.  In  the  following  table,  compiled  from 
the  reports  of  the  Twelfth  Census,  is  indicated  the  increase  in  bear- 
ing trees,  during  the  decade  1890  to  1900,  of  the  more  important 
pomaceous  and  drupaceous  fruits: 

Table  I. — Number  of  bearing  trees  in  orehards  in  1000  as  eompared  with  those 

in  1890. 


Class. 


Bearing  trees.  Increase 

during  dec 


1900. 


Apples 201,749,764 

Peaches  and  nectarines 99,919,428 

Pears... 17.716,184 

Plums  and  prunes. 80.780,892 

Cherries 11. 948.2s: 

Apricots.. 5.010.139 


1890.  ade. 


120.152.795  81,841,969 

53,885,597  46.033.831 

5,115,055  12.601.129 

7.078.191  23. 702.  7(  il 

5,638,759  6,304.528 

1,582,191  3.429.948 


Total 367.164.694       193.452.588  j      153,712,106 

The  total  increase  in  plantings  of  fruit  trees  of  this  class  is  thus 
seen  to  have  been  153,712,106  trees,  a  number  sufficient  to  plant  a  solid 
orchard,  with  trees  20  by  20  feet  apart,  of  somewhat  more  than 
1.400.000  acres.  More  recent  information  indicates  a  still  greater 
proportionate  increase  during  the  present  decade.  Thus,  in  the 
State  of  Georgia  I  am  informed  that  the  present  estimated  plantings 
of  peach  trees  are  a  proximately  18,000.000.  both  young  and  old. 
Leaving  out  of  account  the  unreported  young  trees  of  the  censu-  of 
1900,  this  shows  the  enormous  gain  of  about  7. 500.000  trees  in  four 
years.  The  increased  plantings  of  apple,  notably  in  Missouri,  are 
also  remarkable.  In  that  State  alone  over  20.000.000  trees  are  re- 
ported for  1000  as  against  8.000.000  for  1800. 

These  figures.  I  think,  explain  one  of  the  principal  causes  for  the 
rapid  development  of  economic  entomology  in  America.  The  sudden 
and  wide  disturbance  of  nature's  balance  between  insects  and  their 
food  plants  by  the  cultivation  of  large  areas  of  crops  has  resulted  in 
insect  depredations,  both  from  native  and'  introduced  species,  of 
such  proportions  as  to  render  relief  immediately  necessary. 

Our  problems  have  been,  therefore,  largely  of  a  character  to  de- 
mand earnest  and  instant  effort  for  their  solution,  and  the  rapidity 
with  which  one  problem  has  succeeded  another  has  utilized  to  the 
fullest  extent  our  capacity  for  work.  The  results  of  investigations 
have  been  of  a  character  to  justify  the  public  in  providing  for  their 
continuance  and  extension,  and  the  demand  for  workers  has  been 
greater  than  the  supply.  This  continued  activity  has  brought  about 
a  considerable  accumulation  of  knowledge  concerning  injurious  spe- 


8 

cies,  and  our  economic  literature  to-day  is  doubtless  more  extensive 
than  that  of  any  other  country. 

Mo-t  fortunately  tradition-  and  theories  have  had  out  little  place 
in  applied  entomology.  The  accuracy  of  published  statements  con- 
cerning the  life  and  habit-  of  in-ect-  and  the  value  of  remedial  meas- 
ures proposed  have  often  been  at  once  put  to  practical  test  and  their 
soundness  or  futility  determined.  Investigations  by  several  different 
workers  over  a  considerable  range  .of  territory  have  been  a  most 
fertile  mean-  of  rapid  accumulation  of  knowledge  concerning  the 
biology  of  ;i  given  species  and  of  the  mean-  to  he  used  in  reducing  its 
ravages.  Much  of  error,  in  theory  and  in  practice,  which  might  other- 
wise  have  Lived  for  many  year-  with  a  corresponding  baneful  influence 
on  the  standing  of  the  science  has  thus  been  quickly  eliminated. 

Our  official  existence  has  been  strenuous,  and.  were  it  not  for  the 
considerable  number  of  investigators  often  engaged  on  the  same 
problem  and  the  immediate  practical  test  of  conclusions,  our  rate  of 
progress  could  but  mean  superficial  work.  Many  of  the  problems 
with  which  economic  entomology  concerns  it-elf  must  be  worked  out 
from  the  beginning,  and  many  of  our  economic  workers  have  been 
forced  to  do  strictly  systematic  work  as  a  basis  for  contemplated 
work  along  economic  lines.  The  common  observation  that  applied 
science  doe-  not  wait,  in  its  development,  on  the  theoretically  neces- 
sary precedence  of  the  pure  science  on  which  it  i-  dependent  is  per- 
haps nowhere  so  well  illustrated  a-  in  the  case  of  applied  entomology. 
Of  necessity  many  of  our  workers  are  systematists,  and  their  accom- 
plishments in  this  field  are  scarcely  less  than  in  the  domain  of 
practical  entomology.  In  addition  to  having  an  acquaintance  with 
the  details  of  insect  classification  and  with  fundamental  biologic 
fad-,  an  economic  entomologist  must  be  versed  in  the  detail-  of 
agricultural  and  horticultural  practices,  in  chemistry,  in  botany,  in 
forestry,  in  plant  pathology,  in  animal  husbandry,  and  in  business 
method-. 

Under  conditions  and  requirements  such  as  these  ha-  applied  ento- 
mology grown  to  it-  present  condition:  and.  although  young  in  year-, 
there  i-  probably  no  branch  of  the  utilitarian  sciences  which  so  nearly 
touches  e\  cry  human  interest. 

There  are  at  the  present  time  some  feature-  of  applied  entomology 

in  tin-  United  States  which  are  significant  of  it-  increasing  -cope  and 

importance  and  which  appear  to  me  appropriate  for  consideration 

<>ii  of  this  kind.     The  very  existence  of  this  association, 

with  it-  present  membership  of  L75,  i>  but  one  of  the  signs  of  the 

times.     The  writer  doubts  if  there  are  similar  scientific  bodies  which 

how  :i  higher  average  attendance  or  which  are  pervaded  with  a 

f  professional  interest  than  are  the  meetings  of  this 


lation.  Its  influence,  directly  and  indirectly,  for  the  better- 
ment of  applied  entomology  has  been  most  important  and  is  increas- 
ing from  year  to  year.  The  bulletins  which  contain  the  proceedings 
of  the  16  annual  meetings  of  the  association,  and  which  cover  in  all 
1,541  pages,  are  a  mo>t  valuable  feature  of  our  literature. 

It  must  be  a  matter  of  much  satisfaction  to  all  entomologists  to 
note  the  increasing  appreciation  in  which  the  work  of  the  economic 
entomologist  is  held,  both  by  his  constituents  and  the  general  public. 
In  the  earlier  days  of  the  science  his  work  was  often  far  from  appre- 
ciated at  its  true  worth.  Experience,  however,  has  been  a  constant 
teacher.  Certain  injurious  insects,  by  their  widespread  injury  to 
important  farm  and  orchard  crop-,  have  served  to  bring  prominently 
before  the  people  the  importance  of  the  role  which  insects  play,  not 
only  in  the  matter  of  crop  production,  but  in  influencing  the  price  of 
staple  article-  of  food  and  clothing  in.  the  markets  of  the  world. 
The  recently  established  fact  of  the  transmission  and  carriage  of 
diseases  of  man  by  mosquitoes  and  flies  has  arrested  the  attention  of 
people  of  many  classes,  and.  along  with  other  discoveries  of  scarcely 
less  importance,  has  been  the  means  of  exciting  the  interest  and 
attention  of  many  who  previously  were  largely  ignorant  of  the  work 
and  aims  of  the  science.  The  considerable  alarm  following  the 
announcement  of  the  establishment  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  the  Ea-t 
had  scarcely  begun  to  wane  before  the  increasing  ravages  of  the 
Mexican  cotton  boll  weevil  brought  this  species  into  wide  notoriety, 
and  probably  never  in  the  history  of  the  world  has  an  insect  species 
been  more  generally  the  subject  of  comment  than  has  the  latter. 

The  present  recognized  importance  of  insect  control  in  its  relation 
to  the  welfare  of  our  agricultural  classes  can  not  be  better  indicated 
than  by  calling  attention  to  the  prominent  mention  given  to  ento- 
mological matters  by  the  President  in  his  recent  message  to  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States.     The  following  are  his  words : 

The  cotton  crop  of  the  country  is  threatened  with  root  rot  and  with  hollworm 
and  the  holl  weevil.  Our  pathologists  will  find  immune  varieties  that  will  resist 
the  root  rot.  and  the  bollworm  can  be  dealt  with,  but  the  boll  weevil  is  a  serious 
menace  to  the  cotton  crop.  It  is  a  Central  American  insect  that  has  become 
acclimated  in  Texas  and  has  done  great  damage.  A  scientist  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  has  found  the  weevil  at  home  in  Guatemala,  being  kept  in  check 
by  an  ant  which  has  been  brought  to  our  cotton  fields  for  observation.  It  is 
hoped  that  it  may  serve  a  good  purpose.     *     *     * 

The  insect  friends  and  enemies  of  the  farmer  are  getting  attention.  The 
enemy  of  the  San  Jose  scale  was  found  near  the  Great  Wall  of  China  and  is  now 
cleaning  up  our  orchards.  The  fig-fertilizing  insect  imported  from  Turkey  has 
helped  to  establish  an  industry  in  California  that  amounts  to  from  50  to  100 
tons  of  dried  figs  annually,  and  is  extending  over  the  Pacific  coast.  A  parasitic 
fly  from  South  Africa  is  keeping  in  subjection  the  black  scale,  the  worst  pe*t  of 
the  orange  and  lemon  industry  in  California. 


in 

Careful  preliminary  work  Is  being  dune  toward  producing  our  own  silk. 
The  mulberry  is  being  distributed  In  large  numbers;  eggs  are  being  Imported 
.•Hid  distributed;  improved  reels  were  imported  from  Europe  last  year,  and  two 
expert  reelers  were  brought  to  Washington  to  peel  the  crop  of  cocoons  and  teach 
th<-  art  t<>  our  own  people. 

However,  in  this  general  awakening  of  the  public  the  importance 
of  other  factors  than  widespread  insect  ravages  must  not  be  over- 
Looked.  The  numerous  well-illustrated  books,  more  or  less  popular  in 
character,  and  the  frequent  magazine  articles  dealing  with  general  or 
economic  aspects  of  the  science  have  brought  the  subject,  in  this  day 
of  much  reading,  to  the  attention  of  a  much  Larger  number  of  people 
than  could  have  been  possible  even  a  few  years  ago.  Nature  study  in 
schools,  which  usually  include-  work  with  insects,  has  awakened  many 
an  American  youth,  and  through  them  their  parents,  to  the  presence 
of  these  interesting  creature-.  Many  of  our  agricultural  colleges  and 
other  institution-  giving  courses  in  agriculture  have  now  for  some 
years  been  giving  instruction  in  applied  entomology,  and  students 
have  returned  to  their  homes  and  put  in  practice  the  methods  learned 
tor  reducing  insect  losses.  In  many  communities  there  have  thus 
been  objeel  Lessons  which  have  been  the  means  of  inducing  other-  to 
take  up  the  fight  against  insect-.  But  probably  the  most  important 
single  factor  in  awakening  this  widespread  interest  in  insects  remains 
to  he  mentioned,  namely,  the  influence  of  the  economic  entomologist 
himself.  In  the  lecture  room,  at  farmer-"  institutes,  at  horticultural 
and  agricultural  meet  inn-  and  elsewhere,  in  season  and  out  of  season, 
it  has  been  his  custom  to  speak  from  the  text  of  injurious  insects. 

I  would  not  convey  the  impression  that  I  believe  the  farmer-,  fruit 
growers,  and  other-  are  availing  themselves  to  the  fullest  extent  of  the 
mean-  placed  at  their  disposal  for  mitigating  insect  losses.  While 
most  commendable  progress  ha-  been  made  in  this  direction,  yet  our 
most  important  problem  still  consists  in  inducing  utilization,  by  those 
in  need  of  them,  of  the  means  known  to  he  of  value  in  reducing  insect 
injuries.  Emergencies  such  as  those  brought  about  by  the  ravages  of 
the  San  Jose  scale  or  the  boll  weevil  Leave  hut  little  alternative  to  the 
sufferer,  and  while  the  experience  is  costly,  the  Lesson  is  well  Learned, 
In  the  writer's  opinion,  the  notable  improvement  in  this  direction 
during  recent  year-  may  be  held  to  prophesy  a  rapid  increase  in  the 
adoption  <>t'  insect  remedies  and  preventives  in  the  future. 

The  extent  of  increase  in  the  number  of  worker-  in  economic 
entomology  during  recent  year-  may  not.  perhaps,  be  generally  real- 
ized.    A-  nearly  a-  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain,  there  are  at  present, 

in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  1  to  persons  trained  in  method-  of 
entomological  research,  devoting  the  whole  or  a  pan  of  their  time  to 
tin'  study  of  injurious  insects.  If  account  be  taken  of  the  many 
insiwctors  em p loved  l»\  various  State-  and  State  horticultural  organi- 


11 

zations  in  the  enforcement  of  crop  pest  and  nursery  inspection  laws, 
the  number  of  persons  officially  engaged  in  work  pertaining  to  insect 
control  would  be  easily  doubled. 

Investigations  in  'economic  entomology  are  made  leading  lines  of 

work  in  43  out  of  48  of  the  agricultural  experiment  stations,  and  this 
subject  is  taught  in  practically  as  many  of  the  agricultural  colleges. 
Much  valuable  work  is  being  done  by  several  of  the  Stat<j  departments 
of  agriculture  and  State  boards  of  horticulture.  In  the  Bureau  of 
Entomology  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  the 
force  now  engaged  in  strictly  entomological  work  number-  59  as  com- 
pared with  11  under  the  division  organization  of  1900. 

The  increase  in  workers  has  naturally  been  dependent  on  an 
increased  financial  support.  At  no  previous  time  has  so  large  a  sum 
of  money  been  devoted  to  the  study  of  injurious  insect-.  The  sum 
total  of  money  annually  devoted  to  work  of  this  character  may  be  only 
approximately  indicated,  for  separate  account-  are  not  kept  in  most 
of  the  agricultural  college-  and  experiment  station-  of  the  money 
spent  in  entomological  research.  However,  from  actual  figures,  in 
many  case.-,  and  from  conservative  estimate-.  I  would  place  the 
amount  at  not  less  than  $285,000.  Thi>.  of  course,  doe-  not  include 
special  appropriation-,  as,  for  instance,  that  by  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment of  $2£  I  for  work  against  the  boll  weevil  and  other  cotton 
insects  and  diseases,  the  S25.000  appropriated  by  the  State  of  Loui- 
siana for  the  >ame  purpose,  and  notable  emergency  appropriations 
of  the  past,  such  as  that  for  the  gypsy  moth. 

Viewed  from  a  business  standpoint,  it  i-  pertinent  to  inquire  what 
economic  entomology  has  done  in  the  way  of  return-  in  dollars  and 
cents  for  the  money  invested  by  the  public.  A  balance  sheet  which 
would  <how  the  present  status  of  the  account  and  be  even  approxi- 
mately correct  can  not  be  prepared,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  accu- 
rately estimating  the  credit.-.  We  can.  however,  make  estimate 
well  within  the  bounds  of  reason  as  to  run  no  po-sible  risk  of  over- 
stating the  case.  I  have  therefore  gone  over  the  literature  with  a 
view  to  deciding  how  far  economic  entomology  has  been  instrumental 
in  increasing  the  output  of  some  of  our  staple  crops  and  fruits.  The 
original  estimates  were  cut  in  half,  and  there  -till  remains  a  credit 
sufficiently  large  to  satisfy  the  idea-  of  profit  of  some  of  our  present- 
day  multimillionaire  corporation-. 

The  following  table  shows  the  value  of  certain  clas-es  of  crops  in 
the  United  States  for  the  year  1899,  as  reported  in  the  Twelfth  Cen- 
-li-.  with  the  estimated  benefits  resulting  from  the  teaching-  of 
economic  entomology  stated  in  percentage  and  also  in  dollars  and 
cents.     The  writer  believe-  this  to  be  a  most  conservative  estimate  of 


12 

the  annual  saving,  to  the  producers  of  the  crops  mentioned,  resulting 
directly  or  indirectly  from  the  efforts  of  economic  entomologists : 


Table  11-  Values  of  <•<  rtain  crops  in  //<<■  United  States,  and  (If  percentage  "ml 
rol'i,  of  th\  increased  production  </">  to  economic  entomology. 


('Ill-'-  ■>!'  -Toll-. 


<  Orchard  frui+a    

Grapes 
Subtropical  fruits 

Truck  <■]•<!]»  and  small  fruits 

Cereals         

Cotton 


Total  annual  increase 


Percent- 

Value  inMW.    'c^at*     ™££** 
produc-          «riase. 

tion. 


$88,751,840 

14,090,037 

49,863 

98,894,319 

1. 184,831,088 

870,708.748 


2T>        $20,937,980 


2,818,187 
854,986 

74,211,551 
37,070,874 


155,672,421 


Notwithstanding  the  progress  which  has  been  made  in  reducing 
loss  from  insects,  this  loss,  by  reason  of  our  increased  plantings  of 
crops  of  all  kinds,  continues  to  he  very  great.  Estimates  have  been 
made  from  time  to  time  indicating,  in  dollars  and  cents,  the  losses 
caused  by  one  or  more  species  over  a  greater  or  less  territory.  Re- 
cently, interesting  comparisons  have  been  made  by  Prof essors  Webster 
and  Slingerland  of  losses  to  crops  in  certain  States  and  the  country 
at  large  as  compared  with  the  amounts  of  money  required  for  the 
support  of  our  various  institutions.  Thus  we  are  told  that  the 
annual  loss  occasioned  by  insects  in  the  United  States  amounts  to 
more  than  is  required  for  all  educational  purposes:  nearly  twice  as 
much  as  i>  required  for  the  support  of  our  Army  and  Navy:  over 
twice  the  los>e-  from  fire,  and  nearly  three  times  the  estimated  value 
of  the  products  of  all  fruit  orchards,  vineyards,  and  small  fruit  farms 
in  our  country. 

Careful  estimates  have  shown  that  the  total  annual  loss  from  insect 
depredations  in  the  United  States  at  the  present  time  is  not  les>  than 
$300,000,000.  In  the  face  of  such  figures  it  would  appear  that  we 
have  scarcely  entered  the  threshold  of  achievement  in  conquering 
injurious  species.  It  may  not.  however,  be  argued  from  the  figures 
given  that  little  has  thus  far  been  accomplished.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  year-  ago,  in  I860,  insect  looses  in  the  country  at  large 
were  placed  by  Walsh  ;»t  not  less  than  $300,000,000  annually.  If 
these  estimates  arc  correct  the  loss es  appear  to  have  been  held  sta- 
tionary, notwithstanding  our  great  agricultural  development  during 
the  forty  year-  intervening.  Present-day  estimates  are  based  on  a 
Hi  per  cent  reduction  of  all  crop-  by  the  combined  attack  of  the  vari- 
ous species  which  prey  upon  them.  In  Walsh's  time  the  percentage 
of  injury  must  have  been  much  higher,  as  determined  by  the  value  of 
farm  products  at  that  time. 


13 

It  has  been  pointed  out  by  Doctor  Howard,  and  possibly  others. 
that  widespread  injury,  such  as  that  from  the  Hessian  fly  or  the 
chinch  bug,  while  undoubtedly  resulting  in  a  great  diminution  in  the 
output  of  the  crop  attacked,  does  not  represent  a  corresponding  loss 
in  money  to  the  growers,  for  the  resulting  scarcity  of  the  commodity 
brings  about  an  increased  valuation  which  may  really  leave  the  farmer 
little,  if  any.  the  worse  off  financially.  Taking  this  into  account, 
present-day  estimates  of  insect  injuries  may,  on  the  whole,  be  too 
high,  hut  it  should  be  noted  that  the  burden  is  simply  transferred  to 
the  consumer,  who  pays  the  farmer,  or  more  often  the  speculator,  for 
the  ravages  suffered. 

Present  resources  in  the  ways  and  means  of  reducing  insect  rav- 
ages place  a  much  greater  responsibility  on  the  farmer,  fruit  grower, 
and  others  subject  to  injury  than  heretofore.  In  tlie  case  of  many 
of  our  prominently  injurious  species  their  life  histories  have  been 
worked  out.  their  most  vulnerable  point's  of  attack  shown,  and  appro- 
priate means  for  reaching  them  indicated.  A  mere  list  of  the  various 
insecticides  and  mechanical  methods  employed  in  insect  warfare 
would  require  more  time  than  is  here  available  and  would  serve  no 
useful  purpose,  for  the  tendency  at  the  present  time  is  mainly  toward 
the  use  of  certain  few  substances  to  the  exclusion  of  others  formerly 
in  considerable  repute. 

Paris  green  and  other  arsenites.  kerosene  emulsion,  hydrocyanic- 
acid  gas.  carbon  bisulphid.  and  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash  com- 
prise the  more  important  insecticides  used  to-day.  To  the  three 
principal  periods  in  the  evolution  of  insecticides  in  the  United  States 
must  now  be  added,  in  the  writer's  opinion,  that  in  which  was  dis- 
covered the  efficiency  of  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash  in  the  East. 
The  demonstration  of  the  value  of  this  wash,  made  almost  simul- 
taneously by  several  workers,  ranks  among  the  most  important  of  the 
notable  advances  in  economic  entomology  in  recent  times.  The 
extensive  experiments  made  with  this  wash  under  varying  weather 
conditions  in  Illinois,  Georgia.  Ohio,  Maryland,  Xew  York,  Con- 
necticut, and  other  States  now  permit  no  reasonable  doubt  as  to  its 
efficiency  in  controlling  the  San  Jose  and  other  scales  in  orchards, 
and  it  has  already  been  largely  adopted  by  commercial  orchardists. 
It  is  possible  that  further  experiments  may  reduce  the  inconvenience 
at  present  involved  in  its  preparation,  and  may  modify  its  disagree- 
able character.  Should  this  be  accomplished,  the  two  features  which 
now  constitute  a  ground  for  objection  to  its  use  would  be  eliminated. 

The  importance  of  purely  agricultural  methods  in  reducing  insect 
losses,  especially-  to  some  of  our  staple  crops,  is  becoming  much  more 
generally  realized  than  heretofore.  A  series  of  demonstrations  of 
this  character  during  the  past  few  years  may  be  held  to  mark  another 


14 

era  in  the  evolution  of  methods  of  insect  control.  Such  a  simple 
expedient  a-  delaying  the  lime  of  planting  wheat  so  as  to  avoid 
injury  from  the  fall  -warm  of  the  Hessian  fly  lias  been  the  means  of 
saving  millions  of  dollar-  to  the  wheat  growers  in  the  territory 
infested  with  this  insect.  The  important  work  on  this  species  by 
Doctor  Hopkins  permits  the  determination  of  the  normal  time  of 
appearance  of  the  fall  brood  lor  any  latitude  or  altitude.  Professor 
Webster,  by  observations  extending  over  many  years,  has  been  able  to 
chart  the  State  of  Ohio  into  belts  indicating  the  safe  periods  for  the 
planting  of  this  crop. 

The  recognition  of  the  value  of  late  fall  or  winter  plowing,  of  rota- 
tion of  crops,  of  certain  classes  of  fertilizers,  and  of  better  cultivation 
in  the  control  of  noxious  species  will  make  this  class  of  work  very 
important  in  the  future.  During  the  last  few  years  the  importance 
of  improved  cultural  methods  has  been  demonstrated  on  a  large  scale 
in  the  control  of  two  serious  pests  of  the  cotton  plant,  namely,  the 
boil  weevil  and  the  bollworm. 

In  the  case  of  the  cotton  boll  weevil  its  advent  in  the  cotton  fields 
of  Texas  coincided  with  conditions  of  cotton  culture  which  greatly 
aggravated  it-  destructiveness.  The  natural  fertility  of  the  land 
and  the  tenant  system  largely  in  vogue  had  brought  about  an  indiffer- 
ence t<»  those  economical  methods  of  farming  found  necessary  in  older 
sections,  where  the  fertility  of  the  land  is  less  and  the  difficulty  of 
producing  profitable  crops  is  greater.  Indifferent  preparation  and 
cultivation  of  the  land,  the  use  of  unselected  and  more  or  less  run- 
down seed — often  from  the  public  ginneries  and  of  absolutely  un- 
known variety — had  placed  the  cotton-growing  industry  in  a  condi- 
tion to  be  seriously  threatened  by  the  introduction  of  any  inimical 
factor.  The  remedial  measures  now  found  necessary  an4  along  the  line 
of  better  farming,  and  we  have  the  not  unusual  case  of  entomologists 
showing  the  farmer  how  to  farm.  The  success  with  which  this  work 
has  been  carried  out  must  in  part  be  attributed  to  the  readiness  of 
landowners  to  adopt  methods  which  they  recognized  as  practicable 
and  desirable  in  themselves,  to  say  nothing  of  their  value  in  circum- 
venting weevil  injury.  In  a  recent  communication  from  Mr.  W.  I). 
Hunter,  in  charge  of  the  cotton  boll  weevil  investigations  of  the 
Bureau  of  Entomology,  he  mentions  certain  phases  of  his  work  which 
are  pertinent  here  a-  bearing  on  the  methods  and  extent  of  this  cul- 
tural work  as  applied  to  what  is  one  of  our  most  important  present 
day  insect  problem-.     He  writes  as  follows: 

During  the  several  years  that  the  Bureau  <>f  Entomology  of  the  United  states 
Department  of  Agriculture  has  carried  on  Investigations  of  the  Mexican  cotton 
I,., ii  weevil  ii  has  been  possible  t<>  perfect  a  system  of  avoiding  damage  by  the 
pest  This  system,  Founded  upon  a  careful  Btudy  of  all  the  habits  of  the  insect, 
i-    no  v.    generally    known    as    the    "cultural    system."      Its    hasis    is    in    the    fact 


15 

lhat  a  very  small  percentage  of  weevils  survive  the  winter.  Consequently, 
in  the  fall  it  is  possible  to  practice  a  strictly  remedial  step,  namely,  the 
destruction  of  the  plants  in  toto  as  soon   us  the  possibility  of  obtaining  any 

more  cotton  becomes  remote.  Experiments  have  shown  that  a  very  high  per- 
centage <'t'  weevils  which  would  hibernate  to  damage  the  crop  during  the  next 
season  can  be  destroyed.  Following  this  all-important  step,  the  work  of  the 
Bureau  of  Entomology  has  shown  the  necessity  of  obtaining  an  early  crop. 
The  remarkable  powers  of  reproduction  of  the  pest  allow  such  an  increase 
by  the  middle  of  summer  that  the  progeny  of  a  very  few  hibernated 
individuals  is  sufficient  to  practically  destroy  all  new  fruit  as  it  is  set  upon 
the  plants.  The  fall  destruction  of  the  plants  can  be  practiced  without 
important  modifications  in  any  quarter.  However,  there  are  many  modifica- 
tions ';f  the  system  of  hastening  the  maturity  of  the  crop  that  must  be  prac- 
ticed in  different  regions,  owing  to  diverse  climatic  and  soil  conditions.  During 
the  season  of  1!><>4  the  Bureau  has  established  a  number  of  experimental 
farms  to  ascertain  definitely  what  these  modifications  must  be.  In  Texas  and 
Louisiana  at  present  there  is  a  weevil-infested  region  of  at  least  9,000,000 
acres  of  cotton  land.  This  extends  from  Brownsville  northward  a  distance 
of  500  miles  over  very  diversified  soil  formations,  with  their  consequent 
diversity  in  plantation  practices. 

The  extent  of  the  infested  territory,  from  west  to  east,  is  also  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  500  mile<.  In  this  territory  the  rainfall  varies  from  such  a  small 
amount  as  to  make  irrigation  absolutely  necessary,  in  the  west,  to  the  Red 
River  in  Louisiana,  where  the  normal  annual  precipitation  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  •',()  inches.  These  two  variations  in  soil,  involving  the  essential  farm 
operations,  and  in  rainfall,  changing  the  development  of  the  weevil  very 
considerably,  are  the  factors  that  have  made  it  necessary  to  establish  experi- 
mental farms  at  a  number  of  points.  Fifteen  of  these  farms  have  been  in 
operation.  In  most  cases  in  the  neighborhood  of  100  acres  is  devoted  to  each 
one.  In  the  aggregate  about  1.S00  acres  are  involved.  Although  the  work  on 
these  farms  is  strictly  experimental,  they  have  an  incidental  value  as  demon- 
stration farms.  From  the  experimental  standpoint  it  has  been  necessary  to 
evolve  a.  careful  system  of  checks.  Consequently,  whenever  a  plat  is  planted 
with  the  seed  of  a  certain  variety,  or  with  certain  fertilizers,  or  cultivated  in 
some  certain  way.  one  alongside  of  it  is  treated  in  all  respects  according  to  the 
ordinary  methods  in  vogue  among  the  planters  of  the  locality.  It  is  fortunate 
for  the  performance  of  such  work  that  the  boll  weevil  moves  about  but  little 
in  the  fields  until  at  least  as  late  as  midsummer.  Were  this  not  the  case,  it 
would  be  necessary  to  have  the  plats  far  removed  from  one  another.  How- 
ever, sufficient  separation  is  brought  about  by  simply  planting  a  few  rows  of 
sorghum  or  some  similar  crop  between  the  different  plats.  The  actual  weevil 
conditions  in  each  plat  are  determined  by  careful  observations  each  week  or 
ten  days.  Early  in  the  season  the  number  of  adult  weevils  per  plant  is 
estimated  by  the  examination  of  a  fixed  number  in  the  plats.  Later,  when  the 
truit  is  being  damaged,  the  exact  status  is  determined  by  the  figuring  of  the 
percentage  of  infested  fruit  on  groups  of  ten  or  more  plants  in  three  different 
locations  in  a  plat.  Of  course  the  yield  of  cotton  is  important,  but  from  an 
entomological  standpoint  the  tables  showing  percentages  of  infestation  are  the 
exact  indication  of  the  effects  of  the  work. 

All  this  field  work  is  carried  on  under  an  original  system,  which  relieves  the 
Bureau  of  the  trouble  and  expense  of  running  the  land  and  working  the  crop, 
but  at  the  same  time  gives  it  absolute  charge  of  as  much  area  of  cotton  land 
as  it  is  desired  to  utilize  for  experiments.     Contracts  are  entered  into  with 


16 

reputable  planters.  This  eontrad  Winds  the  planter  to  follow  the  directions 
ol  the  Bureau  io  :ill  respects,  Prom  the  preparation  of  the  soil  through  to  the 
marketing  of  the  crop,  in  consideration  of  ihis  agreement  on  the  part  of  the 
planter,  the  Department  guarantees  bim  a  certain  yield  per  acre.  The  amounl 
of  this  guaranty  is  determined  as  far  as  possible  upon  the  competitive  bid 
basis,   although    the   personal    attitude   of   the   planter   is   considered    i<,    |„-    fully 

as  Important  as  the  lowness  of  the  proposal.    This  system  has  been  found  to 

work  In  a  rery  satisfactory  manner.  On  seven  of  the  fifteen  farms  in  operation 
during  tli»'  past  season  the  crop  produced  has  been  more  than  the  amount 
guaranteed.  The  work  on  about  Ton  acres,  therefore,  cost  the  Department 
nothing.  On  some  of  the  remaining  farms,  owing  to  intentional  late  planting, 
or  to  other  conditions,  the  yield  has  been  much  below  the  amount  guaranteed. 
in  Bucb  cases  the  contract  hinds  the  Department  to  pay  the  planter  for  the 
difference  between  the  amounl  actually  produced  and  the  amount  guaranteed 
at  the  average  price  received  for  what  crop  the  land  did  produce. 

A  novel  method  for  securing  the  subjugation  of  an  insect  was 
adopted  by  the  State  of  Texas.  The  legislature  of  that  State  voted 
a  reward  of  $50,000  to  the  person  or  persons  who  should  devise  a 
practicable,  cheap,  and  effective  plan  for  the  control  of  the  boll  weevil. 
A  commission  of  fanners  was  appointed  to  pass  upon  claimants  for 
the  reward  and  to  put  the  various  plans  to  a  practical  test. 

The  chairman  of  this  commission,  Hon.  Jefferson  Johnson,  of  Aus- 
tin, Tex.,  has  kindly  furnished  a  brief  statement,  which  may  he  of 
interest,  concerning  the  varieties  of  remedies  proposed. 

This  work  has  involved  an  outlay  of  considerable  time.  There  were  more 
than  300  Claimants  for  the  reward.  Not  all  of  these,  however,  complied  with 
the  requirements  of  the  law.  Three  thousand  letters  have  been  received  from 
people  who  believed  that  they  knew  something  that  would  he  of  value  t<»  the 
commission. 

It  would  be  hard  to  determine  how  many  principles  were  depended  upon  t«> 
support  these  various  claims.  The  majority  of  them  trusted  to  cultural  methods. 
A  large  number  presented  some  form  of  poisoning.  There  was  quite  a  number 
of  theories  for  fumigation  either  to  kill  the  woeviWor  drive  it  from  the  field. 
Several  claims  depended  upon  placing  in  the  sod  some  ingredients  or  poison 
that  would  be  taken  up  hy  the  plant  and  thus  make  the  plant  distasteful  or 
poisonous.  Others  along  the  same  line  proposed  methods  to  make  the  plant 
Immune.  There  were  several  claimants  who  depended  upon  inoculation  of  the 
weevil  with  some  contagious  disease,  and  in  this  manner  so  destroying  the 
powers  of  propagation  as  to  rid  the  country  of  the  pest  in  this  way.  Several 
claimants   insisted   that    Providence  had  sent   the  insect,   and  that  Providence 

ai could   remove  it.  and   these  trusted   in  supplication.      Not   a   few   advanced 

the  theory  that  noxious  plaids  could  he  grown  with  the  cotton,  thus  elthei 
destroying  the  weevil  or  keeping  it  from  the  held.  One  claimant  submitted  :i 
proposition  to  plant  poppies,  thus  destroying  the  weevil  hy  the  opium  that  the 
Insect  would  get  from  this  plant. 

Many  Ingenious  machines  were  made  for  catching  weevils  and  for  picking  up 
i.y  mechanical  process  the  squares  from  the  ground,  other  machines  were 
Invented  and  tried  for  burning  the  squares  on  the  ground,  and  others  for  passing 
the  ^<i":ncv  bet w een  rollers. 

rh.-,-  claimants  came  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  and  letters  were 
addressed  to  the  commission  in  the  language  of  almost  all  of  the  civilized  world. 


17 

Some  of  these  letters  were  not  answered  because  of  the  fact  that  we  were  not 
able  to  get  a  proper  translation.  No  adequate  conception  of  the  difference  of 
these  plans  and  the  range  covered  by  them  can  be  given  in  so  brief  a  statement. 
None  of  the  plans  were  found  satisfactory. 

Anyone  who  has  attempted  to  keep  up  with  the  present-day  litera- 
ture of  economic  entomology  must  have  been  impressed  with  its  in- 
creasingly heterogeneous  character.  Possibly  nothing  so  well  illus- 
trates the  widening  scope  of  the  field  of  applied  entomology  as  the 
great  range  of  subjects  treated,  covering,  for  instance,  such  subject-  as  : 

Smyrna  Fig  Culture  in  the  United  States. 

Extermination  of  Malaria-Breeding  Mosquitoes. 

Aquatic  insects  of  New  York  State  [as  bearing  on  the  food  supply  of  fishes]. 

Insect  Enemies  of  Forests  and  Forest  Products. 

Contributions  to  a  Study  of  the  Insect  Fauna  of  Human  Excrement,  with 
especial  reference  to  the  spread  of  Typhoid  Fever  by  Flies. 

Combating  Insects  with  Fungous  Diseases. 

Intrnradical  Nutrition  of  Diseased  Trees  for  the' Purpose  of  Curing  them  and 
Destroying  Parasites. 

A  long  list  of  titles  might  be  presented,  but  it  is  unnecessary.  In 
so  fertile  a  field  the  literature  of  economic  entomology  must  become 
more  and  more  diverse  in  the  future.  A  very  important  question 
arises,  namely.  How  may  one  keep  reasonably  well  informed  as  to 
the  results  obtained  by  his  co-workers  in  lines  somewhat  different 
from  his  own  \  This  point  has  been  referred  to  during  previous 
meetings  of  this  association.  Doctor  Smith,  in  his  presidential  ad- 
dress before  this  society  on  the  occasion  of  its  seventh  annual  meeting, 
expressed  himself  in  reference  to  this  matter  as  follows: 

Can  we  not  devise  some  plan  by  means  of  which  we  can  keep  informed  of 
what  is  going  on  without  the  necessity  of  wasting  time  by  examining  every- 
thing and  then  missing  it  all? 

Perhaps  the  writer  feels  more  strongly  on  this  point  than  the  situ- 
ation warranto,  but  in  his  efforts  to  catch  up  with  economic  literature 
after  about  two  years  of  work  in  the  field  under  conditions  discourag- 
ing to  efforts  of  this  character,  he  has  been  impressed  with  the  desir- 
ability of  some  scheme,  as  suggested  by  Doctor  Smith.  The  whole 
matter  has  appeared  to  be  of  sufficient  importance  to  warrant  the  con- 
sideration of  some  plan  whereby  the  desired  results  might  be  secured. 
Simply  to  put  the  matter  in  more  definite  shape  for  consideration.  I 
would  propose  that  a  person  be  annually  designated  for  each  of  the 
principal  natural  divisions  of  the  general  subject  whose  duty  it  will 
be  to  present,  at  the  following  meeting,  a  resume  of  the  principal 
results  achieved  in  that  particular  branch  during  the  year.  The 
reports  of  these  several  persons  would  become  a  part  of  our  proceed- 
ings and  could  be  referred  to  at  will  by  workers  in  other  lines. 

2.")24— Xo.  52—05  M 2 


18 

To  further  promote  the  cud  in  view  I  would  suggest  the  following 
division  of  t he  genera]  subject  : 

i  i  i   Staple  and  miscellaneous  crop  insects. 

i  •_■  i   Sin. ill  fruit  mikI  truck  crop  insects. 

(3)   Deciduous  fruit  tree  insects.  Including  those  infesting  nursery  stock. 
i  i  i   ('itrus  .1111]  subtropical  fruit  insects. 
i ."» i   Ornamental  plant  ;in<l  greenhouse  insects. 
1 1;  i   Shade  t  ree  and  forest  insects. 

iTi  Insects  injurious  to  stored  foods,  dwellings,  clothes,  books,  and  mis- 
cellaneous substances. 

isi    Insects  affecting  man  and   the  domestic  animals. 

(9)    Insects  concerned  In  the  transmission  and  carriage  of  disease. 

i  10)    Beneficial  parasitic  and  predaceous  insects. 

i  li  i    Insects  useful  to  man  as  furnishing  food,  clothing,  etc, 

(  rj  i    Insecticides  and  machinery. 

A  most  commendable  feature  of  our  present-day  literature  is  the 
increasing  amount  of  thorough  and  painstaking  work  <>u  the  biology 
of  insects.  Shortly  a  fter  the  establishment  of  the  several  agricultural 
experiment  stations  entomological  publications  were,  probably  of 
necessity,  largely  compilations,  owing  to  the  fact  that  there  was  need 
for  placing  before  the  public  for  immediate  use  such  information 
covering  injurious  species  as  had  already  been  obtained.  As  informa- 
tion of  this  character  lias  become  more  and  more  familiar,  its  presen- 
tation and  repetition  have  become  less  necessary,  and  more  original 
work  has  been  brought  forth.  Revised  bulletins  on  insecticides  and 
spraying  machinery  must  of  necessity  be  gotten  out  from  time  to 
time  as  progress  is  made  along  these  lines,  but  the  notable  decrease 
of  purely  compiled  bulletin-  and  papers  concerning  insects  is  a  most 
favorable  indication. 

Many  recent  entomological  publication-,  in  the  quality  of  subject- 
matter,  character  of  illustrations,  and  wealth  of  detailed  observations 
leave  little  to  be  desired.  Improved  facilities  for  careful  life-history 
work  have  rendered  possible  the  many  excellent  papers  which  are  at 
once  a  credit  to  the  literature  of  the  science  and  an  inspiration  to 
other  worker-.  Careful  life-history  studio  have  been  an  important 
mean-  of  separating  two  or  more  species  long  held  to  represent  but 
die.  Witness  the  case  of  the  aphid-  designated  as  Aphis  ///<///.  which 
Sanderson  ha-  shown  represent  several  species,  similarly.  Morrill 
ha-  been  able  t<>  separate  Aleyrodes  packardi  from  Aleyrodes  r<t/><>,>/- 
riorum.  Certain  specie-  may  only  be  distinguished  by  a  compara- 
tive study  of  their  respective  larval  stages,  a-  in  the  case  of  Chilocorus 
l,'i  ml  in  i  us  and  (  .  similis. 

In  addition  to  careful  biologic  studies  of  insects,  the  consideration 
of  lilV  zones,  of  effective  temperatures,  and  of  the  number  of  genera- 
tions    in    various    part-   of   the   country,   of    form-   widely   distributed 

should  be  <ji\cn  more  attention  than  ha-  been  the  case  in  the  past. 


19 

The  value  of  a  knowledge  of  effective  temperatures  is  well  illustrated 
in  the  case  of  the  Hessian  fly,  and  if  we  had  more  exact  data  of  this 
character  concerning*  many  of  our  pests  it  is  not  improbable  that 
valuable  suggestions  in  their  control  would  result.  The  paucity  of 
exact  knowledge  on  some  of  these  points  with  so  common  a  species  as 
the  cotton  bollworm  was  brought  to  my  attention  recently  in  the 
course  of  an  attempt  to  determine  the  number  of  generations  of  this 
species  throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Insects  of  such 
wide  distribution  offer  exceptional  opportunities  for  studying  the 
laws  of  temperature  limitations  and  other  factors  of  the  greatest 
interest  and  probable  value.  On  such  problems  cooperation  must 
necessarily  be  secured.  The  desirability  of  this  has  often  been  the 
occasion  of  remark  in  the  proceedings  of  this  Association  and  else- 
where, but  its  accomplishment  appears  no  nearer  realization  than 
during  the  early  days  of  the  society. 

Recent  years  have  witnessed  an  important  change  of  sentiment  with 
regard  to  insect  legislation,  and  its  extent  at  the  present  day  may 
doubtless  be  held  as  proof  of  its  recognized  value.  However  this  may 
be.  the  fact  remains  that,  with  few  exceptions,  the  various  States 
have  adopted  laws  which  have  for  their  end  the  restriction  of  one  or 
more  species  and.  in  numerous  instances,  the  enforced  control  of  pests 
already  established. 

A  recent  census  of  legislation  in  the  United  States  bearing  on  the 
control  of  insect  pests  shows  that  of  the  forty-eight  States  and  Terri- 
tories the  following  only  are  yet  without  operative  laws,  and  some  of 
these  have  bills  in  preparation  for  passage  at  coming  legislative 
assemblies:  Arizona.  Florida.  Kansas,  Nebraska.  Nevada,  New  Mex- 
ico, Oklahoma.  South  Dakota,  Texas,  Vermont,  and  Wyoming.  The 
following  insects  are  mentioned  as  coming  under  the  operation  of 
various  laws,  and  in  many  cases  provision  is  made  for  the  designation 
of  other  species  which  at  any  time  it  may  be  judged  desirable  to  quar- 
antine or  whose  control  should  be  enforced. 

PHYTOPTID.E. 

Pear  blister  mite  (Eriophyes  pyri  Pagenst). 

ORTHOPTERA. 

Grasshoppers  (Melanoplus  spretus  Thos. :  M.  atlanis  Riley;  M.  bivittatus  Say, 
etc. ) . 

HEMIPTERA. 

San  Jose  scale  (Aspidiotus  perniciosus  Comst.). 
Cherry  scale  (Aspidiotus  forbesi  Johns.). 
European  fruit-scale  (Aspidiotus  ostrewformis  Curt.). 
Greedy  scale  (Aspidiotus  rapax  Comst.). 
Walnut  scale  ( As  p  idiot  us  juglans-regiw  Comst.). 


20 

Gloomy  scale  (Chrysomphalun  tcnebricosus  Conist.). 
West  Indian  poach  scale  (Diaspis  pentagona  Targ.). 
Scurfy  scale  (Chionaspis  furfura  Fitch). 
Euonymus  scale  (Chionaspls  euonymi  Comst.). 

Oyster-shell  se;ile   (  L(  p'ulosii pin  s  iilmi  Limi.l. 

Peach  scale  (Eulecanium  persiCG  Fab.). 

Plum  Lecanlum  (Eulecanium  prunastri  Fonsc.). 

Tine  Chorines    {('litmus  pintCOrtici8   Fitch). 

Strawberry  root-aphis  (Aphis  foroesi  Weed). 
Black  pe.-tch  aphis  (Aphis  persicw-niger  Erwin  Smith). 
Woolly  apple  aphis  (Schisonsura  lanigera  Hausm.). 
Pear  Psylla  (Psylla  pyrl  Linn.). 

LEPIDOPTEBA. 

Gypsy  moth  (Porthctria  <}h}>vr  I  inn.). 

Brown-tail  moth  (Euproctis  chrysorrhcea  Linn.). 

Canker-worms  (Paleacrita  vernata  Peck;    Alsophila  pometaria  Harr.). 

Fall  webworm  (Hyphantria  cunea  Drury). 

Apple-tree  tent-caterpillar  (Malacosoma  americana  Harris). 

COLEOPTERA. 

Cotton  boll  weevil  (Anthonomus  grandis  Boh.). 
Sinuate  pear  borer  (Agrilus  sinuatus  01.). 

imported  willow  borer  (Cryptorhynchus  l<ip<iliti  Linn.). 
Strawberry  crown-borer  (Tyloderma  fragariat  Riley). 

When  it  is  stated  that  of  this  list  only  the  San  Jose  scale  is  common 
to  all  States  which  have  enacted  laws  for  insect  control,  the  diversity 
of  the  requirements  of  the  different  States  is  plain.  In  a  country  so 
diverse,  climatically  and  industrially,  as  ours  the  Legislation  adopted 
must  needs  he  more  or  less  dissimilar,  hut  the  lack  of  uniformity  in 
Legislation  of  this  character  greatly  interferes  with  the  attainment  of 
results  the  accomplishment  of  which  has  been  the  principal  excuse 
for  it-  establishment.  Tin'  principal  exciting  cause  of  the  enactment 
of  law-  has  been  and  still  is  the  control  of  the  San  Jose  scale,  and  the 
hasty  manner  in  which  many  of  these  were  called  into  existence  fol- 
lowing the  discovery  of  this  pest  in  the  East  must  he  Largely  held 
responsible  f<»r  their  present  diversity. 

A  crisis  of  a  somewhat  similar  character  is  now  facing  the  cotton 
growers  of  the  South,  and  several  States  have  made  provision  for  the 
restriction  of  the  cotton  boll  weevil.  There  has,  however,  been  a 
notable  improvement  in  the  details  of  this  work,  in  that  the  entomolo- 
gists of  the  several  State-  interested  have  agreed  on  a  certain  uni- 
formity in  the  measure-  to  he  adopted  which  will  add  much  to  their 
possible  effect  iveness. 

A  most  stupendous  attempt  at  insect  control  is  now  being  contem- 
plated by  tin-  State  of  Texas,  designed  to  reduce  injury  from  the 
cotton  hull  weevil  by  the  enforced  adoption  of  certain  radical  changes 

in    the    agricultural    practice-    of    their    cotton    planter-.      'I  lie    extent 


21 

and  difficulty  of  the  proposed  plan  can  only  be  appreciated  in  con- 
nection with  a  knowledge  of  the  enormous  territory  affected  and  the 
peculiar  farming  conditions  which  are  there  in  vogue.  According 
to  the  Twelfth  Census  the  cotton  interests  of  Texas  are  approximately 
equal  to  one-fourth  of  those  of  all  cotton  States  combined,  covering  in 
1899  6,960,367  acre-.  It  has  been  determined  by  the  investigations 
of  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  that  probably  the  most  important 
single  way  in  which  the  wholesale  destruction  of  the  weevil  may  be 
obtained  i>  by  the  early  destruction  of  the  cotton  plants  in  the  fall 
before  the  weevils  are  ready  to  go  into  hibernation  quarters.  The 
difficulty  of  enforcing  destruction  of  fields  of  cotton  over  so  wide  a 
territory  and  at  a  time  when  the  prospects  for  continued  yield  are 
good  need  not  be  commented  upon  before  an  audience  many  indi- 
viduals of  which  have  had  experience  in  the  execution  of  laws 
requiring  the  destruction  of  a  greater  or  le>s  number  of  comparatively 
worthless  infested  fruit  and  other  plant-. 

The  present  status  of  our  knowledge  concerning  our  destructive 
insects  and  the  efficiency  of  present  methods  of  control  is  a  subject 
that  might  well  be  enlarged  upon  did  time  permit.  Undoubtedly  the 
three  dominant  entomological  evcnt>  of  the  past  few  years  have  been 
the  establishment  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  the  East,  the  invasion  of 
Texas  by  the  cotton  boll  weevil,  and  the  widespread  interest  aroused 
in  mosquitoes  following  the  discovery  of  the  role  which  the-e  insects 
play  in  the  transmission  of  malarial  and  yellow  fever. 

Since  about  1894  the  San  Jose  scale  has  occupied  the  attention  of 
many  of  our  Eastern  entomologists  to  the  practical  exclusion  of 
everything  else.  The  matter  of  control  of  the  insect  in  nurseries 
was  early  solved  by  a  system  of  inspection  and  fumigation.  Its  con- 
trol in  orchards  has  until  recently  continued  to  be  a  most  perplexing 
problem.  The  unsatisfactory  results  following  the  early  experiments 
with  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash  practically  eliminated  this 
insecticide  from  consideration  among  possible  remedies.  Attention 
was  therefore  directed  to  other  means  of  control.  Kero>ene  and 
crude  petroleum,  pure  and  in  mechanical  mixture  with  water  and  in 
soap  emulsions  of  varying  strengths,  various  soap  washes,  hydro- 
cyanic-acid gas.  parasitic  fungi,  and.  in  fact,  almost  the  whole 
gamut  of  insecticides  was  run  through  only  to  discover,  after  some 
years,  that  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash  was,  after  all.  a  most 
satisfactory  treatment.  The  establishment  of  this  fact  came,  so  to 
speak,  in  the  nick  of  time.  While  there  i>  abundant  testimony  as 
to  the  safeness  and  efficiency  of  the  mineral  oils  in  the  control  of  this 
insect  on  such  fruit  trees  as  the  peach  and  plum,  yet  the  trouble  lies 
in  the  danger  following  the  injudicious  applications  which  persons 
inexperienced  in  such  work  are  likely  to  make.  The  many  in-tances 
of  severe  and  often  fatal  injury  are  calculated  to  bring  the  recom- 


22  • 

men  da  t  ions  <>i  the  entomologist  into  disrepute.  However,  the  ques- 
tion of  a  safe  and  efficient  treatment  of  this  insect  in  orchards  appears 
now  to  U'  settled,  and.  aside  from  questions  of  convenience  in  prepa- 
ration and  the  time  <>t"  application,  the  experimental  stage  is  prac- 
tically passed. 

There  is  a  tendency,  however,  in  the  recent  literature  on  the  lime. 
sulphur,  and  salt  wash,  the  advisability  of  which  is  perhaps  open  to 
question.  I  refer  t<>  the  publication  for  the  use  of  the  fruit  grower 
of  the  various  formula'  known  in  its  preparation.  lie  is  scarcely 
able  to  know  what  i-  best;  consequently  he  must  simply  pay  the 
money  and  take  hi-  choice.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  appears  to  he 
room  for  great  latitude  in  the  proportions  of  the  ingredients  used 
and  in  the  manner  of  preparation  without  injuriously  affecting  the 
efficiency  of  the  wash.  The  tendency  is  perhaps  to  adopt  the  so-called 
even-quantity  formula,  namely,  one  pan  each  of  the  lime,  sulphur, 
and  salt  to  three  part-  of  water.  It  would  appear  highly  desirable 
that  a  standard  formula  he  adopted  for  the  convenience  of  fruit 
growers,  as  the  directions  for  its  preparation  at  the  present  time 
differ  more  or  less  for  almost  wrvy  State.  Or  i>  it.  perhaps,  true 
that  climatic  and  other  conditions  vary  so  much  in  the  Eastern  States 
that  a  formula  found  effective  in  Virginia,  for  instance,  would  not 
necessarily  he  a-  effective  in  Maryland.  Ohio,  or  Connecticut? 

The  interest  in  mosquitoes,  which  had  been  steadily  growing  from 
about  L894,  as  a  result,  primarily,  of  the  work  of  Doctor  Howard. 
was  given  a  great  stimulus  in  the  latter  part  of  that  decade  by  the 
demonstration  by  a  group  of  medical  men  of  the  role  which  these 
insects  play  in  the  transmission  of  malarial  and  yellow  fever.  Imme- 
diately these  insects  became  objects  of  the  greatest  interest,  and 
entomologists  were  called  upon  to  furnish  information  concerning 
their  life  histories,  habits,  and  classification.  The  mosquito  has  been 
studied  in  many  quarters,  and  the  contributions  of  American  ento- 
mologists have  been  very  important.  Since  L900  a  remarkably  large 
amount  of  work  has  been  done,  as  the  following  partial  list  of  publi- 
cation- treating  of  the  Culicidae  testifies: 

Notes  on  the  Mosquitoes  of  the  United  States.     Howard,  1900,  pp.  TO. 

Gnats  and  Mosquitoes.    Giles,  1900,  pp.  314 

Malaria.     Eyre,  L900,  pp.  275. 

Monograph  of  the  Cullddse.    Theobald,  Vols,  i  and  II.  h><m».  pp.  817,  plates  59. 

Mosquitoes      Howard,  1901,  pp.  241. 

(mi-  Near  Neighbor,  the  Mosquito.     Rich,  1901,  pp.  58. 

Gnats  and  Mosquitoes.     Giles,  2d  ed.,   1902,  pp.  530. 

Laboratory  Work  with  Mosquitoes.     Berkely,  1902,  pp.  112. 

Mosquito  extermination,  North  Shore,  Long  Island.     1902,  pp.  125. 

Mosquito  Brigades.     Ross,  1902,  pp.  98. 

Firsl  Ami  Mosquito  Convention,     phi::,  pp.  v.. 

Monograph  of  the  Cullclda?.    Tl bald,  Vol.  in.  1903,  pp.  539. 

imioh  Mosquitoes  of  New  Jersey.     Smith.  1904,  pp.  t<». 


23 

The  astonishing  total  of  3,383  pages  is  shown  by  the  works  men- 
tioned. Probably  no  group  of  insects  has  so  quickly  sprung  from 
comparative  obscurity  as  has  this  family.  The  great  importance  of 
their  control  in  the  lessening  and  prevention  of  diseases  and  in  add- 
ing to  the  comfort  of  our  citizens  warrants  the  belief  that  these 
insects  must  receive  considerable  attention  at  the  hands  of  economic 
entomologists  in  the  future. 

Along:  with  the  work  on  the  San  Jose  scale,  the  boll  weevil,  and 
mosquitoes,  much  other  important  and  good  work  has  been  accom- 
plished. On  a  closer  examination  many  of  our  old-time  pests  are 
still  disclosing  neAv  facts.  Xative  or  introduced  species,  previously 
of  but  little  importance,  have,  under  favorable  conditions,  become  so 
numerous  and  injurious  that  their  prompt  and  thorough  study  has 
become  necessary.  The  efficiency  of  insecticides  and  remedial  prac- 
tices has  been  constantly  improved.  Recent  experiments  with  arse- 
nate of  lead  for  the  codling  moth  give  promise  of  a  still  greater  re- 
duction of  the  percentage  of  wormy  fruit.  The  evolution  of  our 
knowledge  concerning  the  life  and  manners  of  almost  any  insect 
species  and  the  development  of  measures  for  its  control  would  furnish 
an  interesting  chapter  in  the  history  of  economic  entomology  in  this 
country,  and  the  gradual  accumulation  of  facts  and  improvements  in 
remedial  measures  may  properly  be  compared  to  the  evolution  of  a, 
harvester  or  sewing  machine.  Looking  back  over  the  subject,  points 
in  life  history  which  at  the  time  of  their  discovery  appeared  trivial 
enough,  are  seen,  in  the  light  of  the  completed  record,  to  have  been 
the  key  to  the  situation.  The  determination  of  all  points  connected 
with  the  life  and  habits  of  an  injurious  species  is  not  only  warranted 
for  scientific  reasons,  but  we  are  only  able  to  judge  of  the  importance 
of  any  point  after  all  the  facts  concerning  it  have  been  completely 
rounded  up. 

The  growing  efficiency  of  our  battery  for  insect  warfare  and  the 
increasing  familiarity  of  growers  of  crops  with  its  use  must  result 
in  the  important  lessening  of  insect  injuries.  With  numerous  spe- 
cies, as  the  Colorado  potato  beetle,  cankerworms.  cabbage  worms. 
and  other  species  feeding  on  exposed  portions  of  plants,  the  arsen- 
ites  are  practically  specifics,  and  the  question  of  preventing  losses 
resolves  itself  largely  into  inducing  the  utilization  of  these  remedies. 
The  successful  control  of  other  species  is  frequently  more  complicated 
and  requires  the  exercise  of  considerable  judgment.  Thus  spraying 
for  the  codling  moth  must  be  done  with  reference  to  the  stage  of 
development  of  the  young  fruit.  The  sowiiig  of  fall  wheat,  to  avoid 
injury  from  the  Hessian  fly.  must  be  timed  with  nicety.  Poisoning 
cotton  for  the  cotton  boll  worm  must  be  done  with  reference  to  the 
condition  of  adjacent  corn. 

It  has  perhaps  been  a  standing  excuse  with  us.  in  accounting  for  the 


24 

failure  of  growers  to  gel  satisfactory  results  in  the  employment  of  the 
recommended  measures,  that  directions  had  not  been  properly  fol- 
lowed. Operations  against  certain  pests,  to  be  successful,  must  be 
done  with  exactness.  The  requirements  are  sometimes  too  compli- 
cated, involving  considerable  familiarity  with  entomology,  so  that  the 
average  man  i-  unable  to  properly  carry  out  directions.  For  such 
cases  demonstration  work  has  a  Legitimate  field.  It  is  perhaps  an 
open  question  whether  the  responsibilities  of  the  economic  entomolo- 
gist go  any  further  than  to  study  the  life  and  habits  of  a  given  pest 
and  to  point  out  the  appropriate  remedy,  leaving  the  matter  of  its 
utilization  entirely  with  those  directly  concerned;  hut  it  has  been 
much  to  the  good  of  the  cause  that  many  workers  have  demonstrated, 
sometimes  over  and  over  again,  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  insecti- 
cidal  applications.  Indeed,  this  has  been  no  small  part  of  the  work 
thus  far. 

Future  problems  will  probably  not  materially  differ  in  character 
from  those  of  the  past,  but  more  and  more  should  methods  of  preven- 
tion replace  the  actual  application  of  insecticide-.  If  there  i-  any- 
thing in  the  idea  that  varieties  differ  with  respect  to  their  suscepti- 
bility to  insect  attack,  this  matter  should  be  thoroughly  investigated. 
Certain  facts  might  be  adduced  that  seem  to  indicate  that  this  is.  in  a 
limited  way.  true.  Certain  of  our  native  vines  are  more  resistant  to 
Phylloxera  than  European  varieties  descended  from  Vinifera.  The 
Northern  Spy  apple  is  said  to  be  much  less  subject  to  attack  from  the 
woolly  aphis  than  other  varieties  and  its  roots  are  often  used  as  graft- 
ing stock  on  this  account.  The  immunity  of  the  Kieffer  pear  from 
the  attack  of  the  San  Jose  scale  is  a  matter  familiar  to  most  of  you. 
The  different  varieties  of  plum-  vary  much  with  respect  to  their  sus- 
ceptibility to  the  curculio.  Other  similar  instance-  might  be  given. 
The  possibility  of  protecting  trees  and  plants  from  insect  attack  by 
the  use  of  certain  fertilizer-  or  the  introduction  into  the  circulation, 
through  the  roots  or  otherwise,  of  substances  objectionable  to  insects, 
ha-  often  been  suggested.  Recent  investigations  abroad  indicate  sue- 
cess  in  this  method  of  preventing  insect  injury.  Doctor  Smith,  in  this 
country,  ha.-  been  able  to  reduce  the  injuries  of  the  pear  midge,  by  the 
use  of  kainit,  and  this  same  fertilizer  i>  considered  valuable  in  protect- 
ing cabbage,  onions,  and  numerous  other  plants  from  certain  of  their 
Insect  enemies.  Thorough  detailed  life-history  studies  must  replace 
the  often  -cant  remarks  concerning  the  four  principal  stages  of 
insects,  and  this  improvement  i-  already  well  under  way.  The  inter- 
relations between  insects  and  their  environment,  e.  g.,  their  parasites, 
and  the  influence  of  climate,  altitude,  and  soil,  is  as  yet  almost  an 
untrodden  field.  A  more  accurate  knowledge  of  the  laws  governing 
the  distribution  and  successful  existence  of  insects  must  furnish  much 
of  practical  value. 


25 

Along  these  various  lines  will  the  economic  entomologist  find  oppor- 
tunity for  valuable  work  in  the  future.  At  the  present  rate  of  prog- 
ress the  next  two  or  three  decades  must  witness  many  important 
discoveries  and  improvements,  and  it  may  be  safely  predicted  that  the 
science  will  not  fail  to  respond  to  the  demands  made  upon  it  with  the 
increasing  material  development  of  our  people. 


After  the  conclusion  of  the  president's  address  the  report  of  the 
secretary-treasurer  was  read  and  referred  to  an  auditing  committee 
consisting  of  Messrs.  Fletcher  and  Sanderson.  On  motion,  an  assess- 
ment of  25  cents  was  levied  on  all  members  present  at  the  meeting. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Burgess  the  following  committees  were  ap- 
pointed : 

Nominations  :  Messrs.   Slin,i,rerland,  Osborn,  and  Phillips. 
Membership  :  Messrs.  Smith,  Chambliss,  and  Titus. 
Resolutions  :  Messrs.  Felt,  Burgess,  and  Washburn. 
Programme  :   Messrs.   Summers,  Marlatt,  and  Skinner. 

The  folloAving  paper  was  presented: 

EXPERIMENTS  WITH  LIME-SULPHUR  WASHES. 

By   E.    P.   Felt,  Albany.   X.    Y. 

Experiments  with  lime-sulphur  washes  were  continued  last  season 
largely  for  the  purpose  of  testing  their  efficiency  and  also  to  gain  an 
idea  as  to  the  relative  merits  of  different  methods  of  preparation  and 
the  best  quantities  to  use.  Several  formulae,  which  gave  good  results 
last  year  (1903).  were  further  tested  the  past  season  (1904),  the 
principal  ones  being  25  pounds  of  lime  and  20  pounds  of  sulphur  to 
50  gallons  of  water:  25  pounds  of  lime  to  12  pounds  of  sulphur,  and 
30  pounds  of  lime  to  15  pounds  of  sulphur,  respectively,  to  50  gallons. 
All  of  the  washes  were  prepared  as  in  previous  years,  the  lime  being 
slaked  in  a  few  gallons  of  hot  water  in  a  kettle  over  a  fire,  the  sulphur 
added,  the  whole  stirred,  and  the  boiling  continued  actively  from  half 
an  hour  to  an  hour  and  a  half.  Our  observations  failed  to  show  that 
the  long  boiling  gave  a  more  effective  wash  than  the  one  produced  by 
the  quicker  method.  Our  experiments  confirmed  previous  conclu- 
sions that  a  little  more  lime  than  sulphur  was  an  advantage,  and.  after 
consultation  and  comparison  of  data  with  Prof.  P.  J.  Parrott,  of  the 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  at  Geneva,  X.  Y.,  we  both  decided 
to  recommend  20  pounds  of  lime  and  15  pounds  of  sulphur,  with  at 
least  thirty  minutes  active  boiling,  the  use  of  salt  being  optional.  A 
wash  Avherein  a  large  amount  of  lime  is  used  for  the  purpose  of  gen- 
erating heat,  so  that  boiling  is  not  necessary,  can  be  made  as  recom- 


26 

mended  by  Mr.  A.  X.  Brown,  of  Delaware,  and  this  preparation 
undoubtedly  kills  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  scale  insects  upon 

;i   tree.  l>ut   the  results  are  not   e<|ual  to  those  obtained   where  a  boiled 

wash  is  employed,  and  we  confess  to  feeling  that  in  the  end  it  will 
prove  unsatisfactory,  though  we  have  known  of  instances  where 
very  fair  results  were  secured. 

We  have  developed  a  new  lime-sulphur  wash  in  which  sal  soda  is 
used  i<>  assist  in  bringing  about  the  chemical  combination  instead  of 
caustic  soda.  Our  results  with  this  were  most  gratifying.  Several 
formulae  were  employed,  and  as  the  outcome  of  our  experiments  we 
have  decided  to  reeoniinend  for  further  experimental  work  the  same 
amount-'  of  lime  and  sulphur  as  before  mentioned  and  10  pounds  of 
sal  soda  to  50  gallons  of  wash.  This  may  he  prepared  by  placing 
five  or  -i.\  pails  of  hot  water  in  a  barrel,  preferably  a  thick  pork 
or  oil  barrel,  adding  the  lime,  and  quickly  following  that  with 
the  sulphur  and  sal  soda,  and  then  stirring  till  the  slaking  is  prac- 
tically completed.  It  may  he  necessary  to  add  cold  water  at  inter- 
vals to  keep  the  mixture  from  boiling  over.  After  the  rapid  bubbling 
or  boiling  is  practically  completed  cover  the  open  barrel  with  burlap 
and  allow  it  to  stand  thirty  minutes  or  more.  A  caution  regarding 
stirring  should  be  made  here,  since  it  seems  to  affect  the  composition 
of  the  mixture.  There  should  be  enough  agitation  to  keep  the  mate- 
rials from  caking  at  the  bottom,  and  yet  not  SO  much  a-  to  seriously 
hinder  the  slaking  of  the  lime  and  accompanying  chemical  changes. 
This  method  of  preparation  gives  an  excellent  compound,  so  far  as 
deep  color  and  little  sediment  is  concerned,  provided  it  is  properly 
prepared,  and  one  of  the  essentials  in  making  it  appears  to  be 
thorough  stirring  at  the  outset  in  order  to  intimately  mix  the  lime, 
sal  soda,  and  sulphur.  A  deep  wh]  or  even  pea-green  color  should 
be  secured.  This  wash  sprays  nicely,  and  in  experiments  com- 
menced last  spring  lias  given  a-  good  results  in  killing  the  San  Jose 
scale  as  any  of  the  lime-sulphur  washes.  It  has  several  advantages. 
It  requires  no  boiling,  ami  the  sal  soda  is  a  common  material,  easily 
handled  and  obtainable  in  almost  every  locality.  It  is  also  a  little 
cheaper,  as  the  amount  of  sal  soda  necessary  costs  less  than  the  quan- 
tity of  caustic  soda  advised  for  preparing  50  gallons  of  wash.  This 
materia]  has  been  used  but  one  season,  though  it  was  tried  in  several 
Localities.  Professor  Lochhead,  of  the  Ontario  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, states  that  in  hi-  hands  it  was  just  as  successful  as  other  lime- 
sulphur  washes,  and  a  few  others  obtained  from  good  to  excellent 
results  in  -pile  of  their  inability  to  give  it  a  thorough,  trial. 

In  this  connection  it  might  be  well  to  add  that  experiments  were 
tried  with  the  caustic  soda  solution,  using  about  l  pound  to  6.  gallons 
of  water,  and  also  with  ;>  bordeaux  mixture  to  which  -J  ounce-  of  cor- 
rosive -iibliin.it.'  were  added  t<>  each  50  gallons.     The  results  showed 


that  at  the  end  of  the  season  the  treated  trees  were  very  little  bet- 
ter than  the  checks,  and  consequently  neither  material  can  be  consid- 
ered as  valuable  in  checking  the  San  Jose  scale. 

Recent  disquieting  reports,  emanating  from  New  Jersey,  as  to  the 
poor  success  obtained  with  lime-sulphur  washes  led  us  to  inquire 
rather  closely  into  New  York  conditions,  with  the  result  that,  so  far 
as  we  could  learn,  wherever  the  tree^  were  thoroughly  sprayed  with 
a  lime-sulphur  wash  the  scale  was  kept  in  control  in  a  very  satisfac- 
tory manner.  This  does  not  reflect  in  the  slightest  upon  the  work 
done  in  Xew  Jersey,  but  refers  simply  to  our  New  York  conditions, 
and  the  statement  is  made  at  this  time  because  we  can  not  help  feeling 
that  lime-sulphur  washes  at  present  afford  the  most  practical  method 
of  controlling  the  San  Jose  scale,  despite  the  fact  that  their  prepara- 
tion is  laborious  and  their  application  exceedingly  disagreeable. 


Mr.  Smith  stated  that  lime-sulphur  mixtures  have  not  been  as 
successful  in  Xew  Jersey  during  the  past  season  as  in  former  years. 
On  apple  and  plum  they  were  especially  ineffective.  In  1903— i.  after 
a  thorough  examination  of  certain  areas,  the  lime-sulphur  washes 
were  recommended  quite  extensively.  Several  persons  made  a  busi- 
ness  of  spraying,  and  careful  examination  showed  that  they  were 
doing  thorough  work.  Caustic  soda  was  used  in  some  cases,  but  no 
good  results  were  obtained.  Lime-sulphur  mixtures  were  made  in 
all  ways,  but  uniformly  poor  results  followed  their  use.  When  apple 
and  peach  were  planted  alternately  the  results  on  peach  might  be  ex- 
cellent, while  on  the  apple  failure  resulted.  One  grower  who  had 
been  using  petroleum  for  years  in  1903-4  used  lime-sulphur  wash  on 
half  his  trees,  consisting  of  apple  and  pear.  A  large  share  of  the 
pears  sprayed  with  the  lime-sulphur-salt  mixture  were  so  badly  in- 
fested  as  to  be  unsalable,  while  the  fruit  on  the  oil-sprayed  trees  was 
clean.  In  the  case  of  apples,  it  seemed  as  if  the  pubescence  kept  the 
wash  from  touching  the  scales,  and  these  get  out  on  the  fruit,  al- 
though the  twigs  might  be  practically  free  from  them.  While  no 
very  marked  difference  was  observed,  the  boiled  wash  ^eemed  on  the 
whole  to  be  better  than  the  unboiled. 

Mr.  Gillette  said  that  perhaps  climatic  conditions  might  have  been 
responsible  for  the  failure  in  these  cases. 

Mr.  Smith  said  that  it  had  been  an  excessively  cold  winter. 

Mr.  Phillips  stated  that  if  carefully  prepared  the  so-called  uncooked 
lime-sulphur  mixture  really  boiled  from  fifteen  to  thirty  minutes, 
but  in  order  to  secure  a  long  boiling  period  it  is  necessary  to  husband 
the  heat  from  the  slaking  lime  very  carefully.  The  method  sug- 
gested was  to  put  the  lime  and  sulphur  in  the  barrel  together  and  use 
sufficient  boiling  water  to  slake  the  lime,  being  very  careful  not  to  let 


28 

if  gel  dry.  The  whole  mass  is  stirred  until  it  is  reduced  to  a  thin 
paste,  and  the  barrel  is  then  covered  to  retain  the  heat,  but  should 
be  opened  and  the  preparation  stirred  about  every  five  minutes  to 
prevent  ii  from  caking  at  the  bottom.  Considerable  experience  is 
necessary  to  make  a  wash  by  this  method,  and  the  strength  of  the 
product  is  very  uncertain.  The  specific  gravity  indicates  that  quite 
a  good  deal  of  the  sulphur  i>  left  undissolved.  The  results  with  this 
wash  in  Virginia  have  not  been  good,  and  it  is  not  recommended. 
They  are  recommending  the  regular  boiled  preparation,  which,  he 
-talc-,  should  be  boiled  vigorously  for  from  thirty  to  forty  minutes. 

Mr.  Surface  said  that  in  Pennsylvania,  with  conditions  quite  simi- 
lar to  those  in  New  York,  about  the  same  results  had  been  reached. 
Climatic  conditions,  however,  were  certainly  not  wholly  responsible 
for  such  differences  in  results  a-  were  reported  by  Professor  Smith, 
of  New  Jersey.  Occasionally  some  persons  would  get  entirely  satis- 
factory results,  while  others  would  fail  in  the  same  county.  The 
greatest  factor  in  producing  unsatisfactory  results  is  lack  of  care  in 
boiling  and  preparation.  In  some  cases  the  lime-sulphur-soda  mix- 
ture prepared  without  boiling  has  given  excellent  results. 

AFTERNOON  SESSION,  THURSDAY,  DECEMBER  29,  100J,. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the  president  at  2.30  p.  m.,  and 
the  following  paper-  were  presented: 

NOTES  ON  CUBAN  INSECTS. 
By  Mel.  T.  Cook.  Santiago  de  Ins  Vegas,  Cuba. 

[Abstract.] 

The  short  time  the  writer  has  been  in  Cuba  makes  it  impossible  to 
•rive  more  than  a  preliminary  report.  Natural  conditions  arc  favor- 
able to  a  multitude  of  insects,  and  this  report  will  be  confined  to 
those  of  economic  importance.  Lepidoptera  are  among  the  most 
conspicuous  and  many  are  very  destructive.  Cutworms  are  very 
numerous,  especially  on  corn  and  tobacco.  They  are  frequently 
parasitized  by  dipterous  and  hymenopterous  insects.  Leaf-miners 
are  very  abundant  on  both  wild  and  cultivated  plants.  The  coffee 
leaf-miner  (Leucoptera  coffeetta  Stain.)  is  of  greatest  importance. 
Many  of  the  Lepidoptera  have  very  short  periods  of  pupation.  From 
i:>  species  we  have  the  following  figures: 

Species 

In   |»ii|».i    live  days I 

'a  pupa   nine  to  thirteen  days !» 

in  pupa  nix  teen  days i 

in  pupa  twentj  two  to  twenty-three  days 

in  pupa  twenty  seven  days  1 

in  pupa  twenty-ulne  days l 


29 

Hymenopterous  insects  are  very  numerous  and  many  are  undoubt- 
edly valuable  in  destroying  lepidopterous  larvae.  Thus  far.  however, 
only  one  Hymenopter  (  Atta  insularis  Guer. )  has  been  studied.     These 

ants  are  polymorphic  leaf-cutters  which  construct  large  underground 
chambers  and  galleries.  They  are  very  destructive  and  cut  great 
quantities  of  leaves  which  they  carry  into  their  galleries  and  use  for 
cultivating  fungus  gardens.  These  galleries  extend  from  4  to  S  feet 
underground  and  frequently  cover  large  area-. 

The  Coccida?  are  very  numerous,  but  are  well  parasitized  both  by 
hymenopterous  insects  and  by  fungi.  For  this  reason  they  are  not 
of  such  great  economic  importance  as  in  the  United  States. 

Coleopterous  insects  are  very  numerous  and  frequently  very  in- 
jurious in  orange  groves.  The  cotton  boll  weevil  (Anthonomus 
grandi*  Boh. )  is  very  abundant. 

Gail-producing  insects  are  very  abundant.  At  the  present  time 
the  writer  is  inclined  to  consider  the  Phytoptus  gall>  the  most  abun- 
dant. A  Coccid  gall  was  found  on  the  twigs  of  the  fig  and  the  native 
anonas. 


SOME  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  COTTON  BOLL  WEEVIL. 
By  E.  Dwigbt  Sanderson,  Durham,  N.  H. 

In  the  following  paper  the  writer  wishes  to  give  but  a  brief  sum- 
mary of  the  more  important  conclusions  resulting  from  two  year-' 
study  of  the  cotton  boll  weevil  and  it-  relation  to  cotton  production 
in  Texa-. 

Inasmuch  as  the  most  important  mean-  of  control  have  to  do  with 
the  hibernating  weevil-,  and  as  the  mortality  of  those  hibernating 
and  the  time  of  their  emergence  in  the  spring  is  a  most  important 
factor  in  the  injury  during  the  subsequent  sea-on.  Ave  have  given  con- 
siderable attention  to  all  phenomena  connected  with  their  hibernation. 

Messrs  Hunter  and  Hinds  have  stated  that  the  Aveevils  enter  hiber- 
nation when  the  mean  average  temperature  falls  to  between  55c  and 
60°  F.  Our  observations  entirely  corroborate  this  rule.  By  confining 
several  hundred  weevils  in  cages  once  a  week  after  October  1  we 
ascertained  that  in  1903  none  hibernated  until  about  November  IS. 
when  there  was  a  freeze:  and  about  that  time  the  mean  average 
temperature  dropped  below  60°.  Furthermore,  those  confined  some 
time  before  this  died  before  hibernating,  almost  without  exception, 
showing  that  they  can  not  be  forced  into  hibernation :  that  the  time  of 
hibernating  depends  on  the  average  temperature:  and  that  by  de- 
priving the  weevils  of  all  food  early  in  the  fall  they  can  be  starved 
to  death  in  large  numbers. 


30 

By  platting  the  temperature  curves  for  different  points  it  will  be 
seen  thai  the  mean  daily  temperature  falls  below  60  about  December  1 
at  Victoria,  Tex.  (which  agrees  with  the  observations  of  Hunter  and 
Hinds)*,  at  College  Station  about  November  L0  to  L5,  at  Dallas  several 
days  earlier,  and  for  the  northeastern  pan  of  Texas  about  November  5. 
From  a  brief  study  of  the  available  data,  which  we  are  having  tabu- 
lated and  expressed  graphically,  we  believe  that  these  dates  will  be 
found  to  coincide  very  closely  with  those  of  the  first  killing  frosts 
for  these  sections,  although  the  frost  date-  will  fluctuate  much  more 
widely  from  year  to  year  than  doe-  the  mean  daily  temperature. 

Iii  carefully  observing  the  number-  and  activity  of  the  weevils 
every  day  during  the  fall,  it  was  interesting  to  note  that  the  activity 
was  immediately  arrested  whenever  the  mean  daily  temperature 
dropped  below  60  .  and  a  comparison  of  this  daily  record  with  the 
temperature  curve  platted  for  College  Station  shows  this  strikingly. 

The  number  of  weevils  entering  hibernation  will  depend  almost 
entirely  upon  the  food  supply  during  the  fall.  Whether  there  are 
one  or  two  more  brood-  in  one  part  of  the  State  than  another  matters 
not.  for  after  the  third  brood  the  weevils  become  so  abundant  that 
their  numbers  are  limited  only  by  the  available  food  supply.  There- 
fore, with  a  normal  or  excessive  rainfall  during-  September  and  early 
October,  which  would  cause  the  plants  to  square  freely,  there1  would 
be  an  abundant  food  supply  and  many  more  weevils  entering  hiberna- 
tion than  in  a  dry  year  when  but  few  squares  arc-  formed.  The 
weather  of  the  fall,  then,  has  a  considerable  influence  on  the  number 
of  weevils  which  commence  reproduction  the  next  spring. 

At  present  one  of  the  most  important  natural  factors  in  reducing 
the  food  supply  of  the  weevils  in  the  fall  is  the  leaf  worm,  or  so-called 
,w  army  worm  "  {M<i1><iu<<i  argillaceaiTliibn.) .  It  is  a  most  interesting 
entomological  phenomenon  that  this  insect,  which  formerly  did  so 
many  million  dollars'  worth  of  damage  to  the  cotton  of  the  South  and 
which  was  the  subject  of  much  investigation,  has  now  become  one  of 
the  Texas  cotton  planter's  most  valued  allies  and  i-  welcomed  by  him 
wherever  the  weevil  occurs.  That  the  defoliation  of  the  plant  by 
these  caterpillars  has  an  important  influence  on  the  number  of  weevils 
hibernating  IS  certain. 

Of  course,  the  same  results  are  accomplished  by  thoroughly  grazing 
the  cotton,  or  better,  by  (aitting  and  pulling  the  stalks,  and  the 
latter  form-  the  most  important  feature  in  the  light  against  the  pest, 
a-  discussed  hereafter.  A-  far  as  we  can  ascertain,  the  number  of 
weevils  entering  hibernation  will  average  about  one  per  stalk:  in 
badly  infested  fields  it  will  often  be  two  per  stalk,  and  it  may  be  as  low 
a-  one  t<>  two  -talk-,  with  cotton  planted  an  average  distance  apart. 

Where  the  -talk-  are  allowed  to  stand,  many  of  the  injured  bolls 
remain  on  them  unopened  during  the  winter,  and  in  these  the  iimna- 


31 

ture  stages  continue  to  develop  after  frost.  At  College  Station  we 
were  unable  to  ascertain  that  any  of  these  come  to  maturity  or  survive 

the  winter  under  normal  conditions,  and  we  believe  this  to  be  the  case 
generally  in  central  and  northern  Texas.  In  southern  Texas,  especially 
the  more  southwestern  part,  the  conditions  are  different,  however. 
In  February  and  March,  1903.  we  received  a  large  number  of  bolls 
from  Devine.  Tex.,  containing  larvae,  pupae,  and  adult  weevils,  mostly 
newly  transformed.  Some  of  these  were  found  within  the  seeds,  but 
there  is  comparatively  no  danger  that  they  would  ever  be  dissemi- 
nated in  the  seed,  since  practically  none  of  the  cotton  in  which  they 
entered  the  seeds  would  ever  be  picked  and  ginned.  Many  of  these 
weevils  were  alive  early  in  April,  and  in  southern  Texas  would  have 
emerged  before  that  time.  Out  of  200  bolls  picked  at  random  20  per 
cent  contained  living  or  dead  weevils  in  some  stage,  and  of  these  55 
per  cent  were  alive.  Mr.  W.  P.  Allgood.  who  sent  the  bolls,  at  the 
writer's  request,  made  careful  counts,  which  showed  that  in  the  fields 
from  which  the  bolls  were  secured  there  were  about  10.500  weevils  per 
acre.  If  but  20  per  cent  of  these  had  survived  and  had  emerged  in 
the  spring,  there  would  have  been  2.100  per  acre,  and  this  is  approx- 
imately the  number  which  survived  during  the  last  winter  ( 1903-4) 
in  Lavaca  County,  when  the  number  surviving  hibernation  was 
unprecedented.  Furthermore,  the  rainfall  at  Devine  was  nearly 
double  the  normal  during  this  winter  and  weather  conditions  were 
exceedingly  unfavorable  for  the  hibernation  of  weevils  had  they  been 
hibernating  in  the  fields  in  the  usual  situations;  but  inside  the  bolls 
they  were  well  protected  from  dampness  and  the  temperature  was 
never  so  low  as  to  injure  them.  The  importance  of  the  absolute 
destruction  of  the  stalks  in  southern  Texas,  even  if  deferred  until  mid- 
winter, is  therefore  apparent,  although  in  the  rest  of  the  State  it  is 
valueless  after  killing  frost. 

Regarding  the  places  of  hibernation  we  have  been  able  to  secure 
but  little  direct  evidence.  Just  after  hibernation  commenced  Mr. 
Conradi  was  able  to  find  four  weevils  under  leaves  in  a  cotton  field 
and  under  bark  of  a  log  adjoining  it.  but  later  in  the  winter  absolutely 
none  were  found.  Though  many  days  have  been  spent  in  the  most 
careful  examination  of  the  place>  where  the  weevils  are  supposed  to 
hibernate,  we  have  found  but  one  individual  in  midwinter.  As  this 
has  been  our  experience  in  hunting  for  other  hibernating  insects,  how- 
ever, we  are  not  surprised.  There  is.  nevertheless,  abundant  indirect 
evidence  that  most  of  the  weevils  hibernate  in  the  cotton  fields  and  in 
adjoining  woodlands.  Infestation  usually  commences  in  the  spring 
along  a  woodland  or  hedge  row.  and  is  worse  in  a  field  which  has 
been  in  cotton  than  one  in  corn.  It  is  worse  where  sorghum  adjoins 
cotton,  as  the  sorghum  stubble  or  stack-  seem  to  form  a  safe  shelter 
for  the  weevils.     Furthermore,  we  are  compelled  to  believe  that  the 


32 

exceedingly  small  number  of  weevils  on  Brazos  bottom  plantations 
in  L903  must  have  been  due  to  the  flood  late  in  the  winter  preceding, 
which  undoubtedly  killed  large  numbers  of  the  weevils  hibernating 
on  the  ground  below  the  water  level  in  the  fields  or  elsewhere.  Had 
this  Hood  occurred  after  the  emergence  of  the  weevils  it  would  prob- 
ably not  have  materially  reduced  their  numbers.  A  larger  number  of 
weevils  always  appeal-  about  outbuildings  and  barns  and.  very  notice- 
ably, near  gins. 

'The  mortality  of  the  hibernating  weevils  is  a  matter  of  consider- 
able importance,  for,  were  it  not  for  the  large  number  which  fail  to 
survive  the  winter,  it  would  be  impossible  to  grow  cotton  in  the 
infested  region.  Of  .">()()  weevils  going  into  hibernation  in  cages 
where  they  were  largely  protected  7  per  cent  survived.  Hunter  and 
Hinds  have  indicated  that  about  1T>  per  cent  survive  at  Victoria,  and 
the  data  available  would  indicate  that  this  is  usually  about  the  per- 
centage for  southern  Texas.  At  College  Station,  however,  extensive 
observations  show  that  normally  only  about  '2  per  cent,  and  rarely 
over  5  per  cent,  survive  in  the  field:  or.  in  other  words,  but  one-fifth 
as  many  as  in  southern  Texas-.  That  this  is  a  most  important  factor 
in  determining  the  possible  amount  and  time  of  damage  the  next 
season  is  apparent.  If  a  similar  difference  is  found  between  central 
and  northern  Texas  it  will  be  a  matter  of  greal  importance  for  the 
latter  section  of  the  State  and  other  portions  of  the  cotton  belt. 
Careful  estimates  of  the  number  surviving  in  southern  Texas  during 
the  last  winter  show  that  in  Lavaca  County  fully  30  per  cent,  or 
twice  as  many  as  usual,  survived.  With  this  number  appearing  in 
the  spring,  amounting  to  about  -i.^OO  per  acre  by  actual  count,  it  i> 
impossible  to  raise  a  profitable  cotton  crop  by  airy  means  now  known. 
A.S  a  result,  for  the  first  time  since  they  have  been  infested,  the 
counties  of  southern  Texas,  which  have  heretofore  showed  no  marked 
decrease  in  production  owing  to  the  weevil,  produced  almost  no  crop. 

The  method  used  for  determining  the  number  of  weevils  surviving 
was  to  count  a  large  number  of  stalks  in  the  fall  at  time  of  hiberna- 
tion and  determine  the  number  of  weevils  per  stalk;  then,  in  the 
spring,  to  count  them  in  a  similar  way  until  the  first  summer  brood 
commenced  to  emerge.  In  this  way  the  number  of  weevils  per  acre. 
both  in  fall  and  spring,  can  be  very  accurately  determined,  provided 
large  numbers  of  stalks  are  counted  in  several  fields  in  one  vicinity: 
and  we  believe  this  to  be  the  most  accurate  method  of  determining  the 
actual  mortality  which  take-  place  in  the  field  under  natural  con- 
dit  ions. 

The  time  of  the  greatest  mortality  is  a  matter  of  some  interest.  Ajs 
nearly  a-  can  be  judged  from  the  meager  data  now  available,  the 
largest  number  died  in  December  coincident  with  the  greatest  rainfall 
of  tie-  winter,  which  was  above  normal  for  that  month.      Usually  the 


33 

greatest  rainfall  is  in  January  at  College  Station,  and  probably  the 
largest  number  usually  succumb  in  that  month. 

That  the  rainfall  is  probably  the  most  important  factor  in  deter- 
mining the  mortality  of  the  hibernating  brood  is  very  apparent  upon 
studying  the  platted  curves  for  rainfall  and  temperature  for  different 
points  where  we  have  made  observations  as  to  the  abundance  of  the 
weevil  for  several  years.  After  a  wet  winter  weevils  are  fewer,  and 
after  an  open  dry  one  they  are  exceedingly  abundant.  This  has  never 
been  more  strikingly  illustrated  than  last  winter,  which  in  southern 
Texas  was  unusually  dry  and  open,  whereas  during  the  previous  win- 
ter there  had  been  a  marked  excels  of  rainfall.  As  a  result,  in  the 
spring  of  1904  the  weevils  appeared  in  enormous  numbers  and  a  crop 
failure  resulted,  whereas  in  1903  this  section  made  a  crop  in  many 
cases  above  the  average,  although  this  was  partially  due  to  weather 
conditions  in  summer.  A  study  of  the  normal  mean  temperature  and 
rainfall  of  southwestern,  southern,  and  central  Texas  shows  that 
undoubtedly  the  larger  mortality  in  the  last  section  is  due  to  the  more 
unfavorable  winter  weather. 

Hunter  and  Hinds  have  stated  that  the  weevils  usually  emerge  from 
hibernation  after  the  temperature  has  been  over  60 z  for  some  time,  and 
that  in  1903  they  emerged  after  it  had  been  at  08 c  for  some  time.  After 
studying  the  available  data  with  the  aid  of  temperature  curves,  plat- 
ted for  various  points  where'  the  time  of  emergence  was  known.  I  am 
convinced  that  this  is  approximately  correct  and  that  when  the  mean 
daily  temperature  becomes  68°  the  first  weevils  commence  to  emerge. 
Thus  the  weevils  would  normally  commence  to  emerge  at  Victoria 
about  April  1  and  at  College  Station  April  15.  Usually  the  weevils 
will  commence  to  emerge  ten  days  earlier  in  southwestern  and  coast 
counties  than  in  central  and  eastern  Texas,  and  about  twenty  days 
earlier  than  in  northern  and  northwestern  counties. 

The  weevils  do  not  all  emerge  at  once,  however,  but  continue  to 
appear  for  from  four  to  six  week>.  Usually  the  greatest  number  of 
weevils  appear  about  the  time  the  cotton  commences  to  square,  and 
the  beginning  of  oviposition  is  but  a  few  days  later,  as  it  has  been 
shown  by  Hunter  and  Hinds  that  a  female  must  feed  upon  the  squares 
before  >he  will  commence  oviposition.  After  this  time  very  few  of 
the  hibernating  brood  appear.  That  the  time  of  this  maximum 
emergence,  as  well  as  the  squaring  of  the  cotton  plant  with  which  it 
seems  to  be  largely  coincident,  is  dependent  upon  weather  conditions 
may  be  taken  for  granted.  But  what  are  these  conditions  ?  Hunter 
and  Hinds  have  shown  that  the  average  mean  temperature  at  which 
the  weevil  is  active  and  reproduces  throughout  the  season  is  about 
7^  F.  Thus  it  might  seem  that  when  the  mean  daily  temperature 
had  become  78°  the  maximum  emergence  would  take  place,  but  com- 
25524— No.  52—05  ll 3 


34 

paring  the  dates  upon  which  the  maximum  emergence  was  known  to 
have  taken  place  a(  different  points  in  different  years  with  a  curve 
of  tlif  mean  monthly  temperature  for  that  year  and  the  normal  mean 
monthly  temperature  Tor  a  scries  of  years,  it  was  found  that  such 
was  not  the  case.  In  some  years  the  time  of  maximum  emergence 
was  before  the  normal  date  at  which  the  mean  daily  temperature 
became  78°,  and  in  others  later,  depending  upon  the  departure  from 
normal  of  that  individual  season.  But  the  date  of  maximum  emer- 
gence did  not  depart  from  the  normal  theoretical  date  upon  which 
the  mean  daily  temperature  becomes  78  to  the  same  extent  as  the 
departure  from  normal  was  indicated  by  the  mean  monthly  tem- 
perature curve  for  that  year.  The  temperature  may  have  reached 
7s  on  June  1.  for  instance,  where  nominally  it  would  have  reached 
that  point  May  1.  and  still  in  that  year  the  weevils  emerged  in  maxi- 
mum numbers  hut  a  few  days  after  the  normal  time.  Sufficient 
accurate  data  are  not  at  present  available  to  make  a  positive  statement, 
a-  to  what  governs  this  date  of  maximum  emergence,  hut.  from  all 
data  available  and  from  a  careful  study  of  the  temperature  curves, 
I  wish  to  offer  the  following  hypothesis,  which  1  believe  will  be  found 
to  come  very  close  to  determining  this  date  and  possibly  that  of  other 
insects  hibernating  as  adults." 

The  date  of  maximum  emergence  from  hibernation,  or  the  date  of 
ovi position,  will  depart  from  the  normal  date — which  for  the  boll 
weevil  may  be  considered  the  date  when  the  temperature  reaches  7cS° 
F.  or  thereabouts — by  the  amount  of  the  accumulated  difference  in 
temperature  between  the  normal  daily  mean  and  the  daily  mean  for 
that  year:  or  we  might  term  it  the  accumulated  departure  from  nor- 
mal for  that  year  during  the  period  commencing  one  month  prior  to 
the  point  of  departure  of  the  yearly  line  from  the  normal  after  the 
point  of  first  emergence  and  the  date  upon  which  the  total  accumulated 
temperature  for  that  year  will  equal  the  amount  of  accumulated 
temperature  in  the  normal  year  between  the  first  date  of  this  period 
and  the  date  of  maximum  emergence.6 

■  The  writer  proposes  t<>  make  studies  of  other  insects  to  determine  whether 
any  general  laws  may  be  defined  upon  this  point,  and  will  he  glad  of  any  coop- 
eration possible  from  others,  as  observations  at  several  points  distant  from  one 
another  are  necessary  to  make  such  work  of  value. 

a  It  seems  desirable  to  insert  a  figure  Illustrating  the  hypothesis  proposed, 
as  \v;is  done  with  drawings  before  the  Association.  For  this  the  normal 
monthly  mean  temperature  curve  for  Victoria,  Tex.,  and  the  monthly  mean 
temperature  curve  for  the  same  place  for  pant  have  been  selected.  The  figures 
are  those  of  th<  United  states  Weather  Bureau,  in  platting  the  curves  we 
have  used  the  I5tb  of  the  months  for  which  the  mean  temperature  is  given. 
The  "mean  monthly  temperature"  as  reported  is  the  average  for  the  whole 
month.      It    is   evident    that    in    most    cases    the    15th   of   the   month    would    more 

correctly  approximate  this  temperature  than  the  30th,  upon  which  date  it  is 


35 

The  period  of  time  prior  to  the  date  of  normal  maximum  emer- 
gence during  which  the  accumulated  temperature  must  be  ascertained 
in  order  to  determine  the  total  amount  of  accumulated  temperature 


1 

J 

30° 
70° 

0 

68 
60° 

so° 

/^tf.                         At4/?                          ^/=>/P                        Ast4V                       ^UA/ET 
/S                                    /S                                   /5                                    /S                                   /S 

n^~  \t 

"•"""        Vf\ 

^ 

^ 

^^x^ 

<* 

^^  ' 

s^     \JA 

^      ^ 

H  / 

^              l 

\S  .. 

^ 

A'  s 

c 

■  r 

y 

HH^ 

/  a 

YY 

' 

S 

f                                                                        A 

A"     / 

Kx 

>c 

A/GRM4L   ME4H  MO/VTHLV  TEMPERATURE  CURVE 

/90 4    MEA/V  MO/VTHL  Y    TfAfRERst  TURE  CURVE 


Fig.  1—  Diagram  showing  normal  mean  monthly  temperature  and  the  mean  monthly  tempera- 
ture during  19(14  at  Victoria.  Tex.  (original  >. 

necessary  for  maximum  emergence,  and  the  average  temperature  of 
the  date  on  which  this  accumulation  must  begin  both  for  the  normal 
and   any   individual   vear.   must   be   determined   and   will   doubtless 


estimated,  for  in  the  spring  the  latter  half  of  the  month  will  be  warmer  and 
in  the  fall  cooler  than  the  first  half.  An  examination  of  the  daily  temperature 
curves  for  any  year  corroborates  this  view. 

Considering  that  the  weevils  first  commence  to  emerge  normally  at  08°  F., 
and  that  the  maximum  emergence  is  normally  at  78°  F.,  then  the  amount  of 
temperature  necessary  to  accumulate  after  the  first  emergence  before  the 
maximum  emergence  will  be  represented  by  the  area  ABC.  and  the  maximum 
emergence  will  be  at  the  point  B,  where  the  normal  mean  temperature  line 
crosses  78°  F..  or.  approximately.  May  15.  In  1904  the  first  emergence  would 
theoretically  have  taken  place  at  A',  where  the  mean  temperature  crosses  68*  P., 
or  about  March  12.  After  that  for  about  a  month  there  was  an  excess  of 
temperature  and  then  a  deficiency  until  July.  The  mean  temperature  line 
did  not  cross  78°  F.  until  about  June  3. 

But  if  we  ascertain  the  date  of  maximum  emergence  in  1904  by  the  hypoth- 
esis  proposed   we   would   proceed    as    follows:  The   point   of   departure   of   the 


36 

differ  with  species.  Assuming  this  hypothesis  to  ho  true  we  can 
readily  determine  the  date  of  the  appearance  of  an  insect  in  the 
spring  by  keeping  record  of  the  accumulated  temperature  and  its 
departure  from  the  normal  with  the  aid  of  the  formula  worked  out 
for  that  insect.  By  considering  the  degrees  of  temperature  per  day 
as  heat  units  the  desired  date  can  he  readily  computed  by  mathe- 
matical formulae;  or  if  the  temperature-  he  platted  the  determina- 
tion may  he  made  more  readily  with  the  aid  of  a  planhneter. 

If  this  hypothesis  he  true,  we  can  readily  see  that  a  marked  excess 
»if  temperature  for  a  week  or  two  after  the  daily  mean  had  passed 
<'>s  F..  at  which  time  the  Brsl  weevils  would  commence  to  appear,  fol- 
lowed by  a  slight  deficiency  in  temperature  subsequently  until  the 
mean  daily  temperature  had  reached  78°  F..  would  result  in  the  date  of 
maximum  appearance  occurring  before  the  normal  rather  than  after 
it.  and  vice  versa,  in  a  case  with  the  opposite  conditions.  These  con- 
ditions are  much  more  readily  appreciable  by  the  study  of  tem- 
perature platted  in  curves. 

That  the  rainfall  is  also  a  factor  <rovernin£r  the  time  of  emergence 
i-  probable,  but  it  will  he  largely  reflected  in  the  temperature. 
Undoubtedly  the  proper  combination  of  the  departure  from  normal 
of  temperature  and  rainfall  reduced  to  a  formula  in  which  both  were 
included  in  a  single  "  unit  of  weather  "  would  give  us  the  exact 
method  of  computation. 

I  offer  this  hypothesis  merely  tentatively.  It  may  be  old  for 
aught  I  know,  although  T  have  never  seen  it  applied  to  insects. 
However,  in  fish  hatcheries  the  time  of  hatching  of  the  eggs  i-  deter- 

1904  curve  from  the  normal  after  passing  the  point  of  first  emergence  h*>s  p.)  is 
Ml  I).  One  month  prior  to  that  would  he  A"  on  the  normal  curve  and  Z  on  the 
1904  curve.  The  normal  temperature  accumulated  between  this  date  and  the 
normal  date  of  maximum  emergence  (where  the  normal  curve  crosses  78  F.  I  at 
1'.  would  he  the  area  A"IU".  Then  the  date  of  maximum  emergence  in  1!>o4 
would  he  that  date  on  which  temperature  had  been  accumulated  equivalent 
n,  thai  represented  by  A"BC,  which  would  he  determined  by  an  area 
A"ZXY.  in  which  the  position  of  the  line  XV  must  he  determined  by  computa- 
tion, with  mathematical  formula1:  and  upon  establishing  its  position  so  that 
il  confines  an  area  in  A'ZXY  equal  to  A'T.C.  the  point  X  will  be  the  date  of 
maximum  emergence  for  1904,  which  in  1904  was  X'Y\  or  May  12.  This  may 
be  readily  done  by  the  aid  of  a  planimeter. 

The  Curves  given  are  of  interest  in  that  prior  to  the  presentation  of  this 
paper  the  date  of  maximum  emergence  in  1904  had  been  determined  by  the 
above  method  as  being  between  May  u  and  12,  according  to  slight  variation 
from  above  in  method  of  determining.  Since  then,  in  January.  1905,  the 
author  baa  received  Farmers'  Bulletin  211,  in  which  Mr.  \Y.  l>.  Hunter  shows, 
on  page  21,  tii.it  the  maximum  emergence  of  the  weevils  in  1904  was  on  May 
11.  which  fact  was  previously  unknown  to  the  writer.  The  close  approxima- 
tion seems  to  lend  support  to  the  probability  of  the  hypothesis  in  general,  as 
it   has  similarly  proven  correct   in  at  least   three  other  Instant 


37 

mined  by  the  amount  of  accumulated  temperature  during  their 
development,  and.  according  to  a  recent  report  of  the  Fish  Commis- 
sion, the  time  of  hatching  can  be  predicted  or  controlled  to  a  con- 
siderable  extent  in  this  way.  There  can  he  no  doubt  that  the  time 
of  emergence  of  insects  from  hibernation  and  the  date  upon  which 
they  begin  oviposition  or  normal  activity  i-  dependent  upon  certain 
well-defined  physical  laws  which  can  be  determined  only  by  many 
careful  observations  and  a  judicious  interpretation  of  the  data  col- 
lected. It  seems  to  the  writer  that  this  offers  a  promising  field  for 
entomological  investigation  and  one  which  may  very  possibly  be  of 
much  practical  importance  in  our  warfare  against  insect  pests. 

Though  a  much  larger  number  of  weevils  survive  the  winter  in 
southern  Texas,  the  hot  dry  summers  kill  the  larva*  in  the  fallen 
squares  so  that  the  rate  of  increase  is  slower,  and  often  a  good  crop 
is  made  in  spite  of  them.  This  shows  that  the  rate  of  increase  and 
the  factors  governing  the  mortality  of  the  summer  broods  are  of 
importance. 

In  the  study  of  an  insect  pest  we  must  first  secure  as  accurate  and 
elaborate  a  knowledge  as  possible  of  its  life  and  habits  under  labora- 
tory or  insectary  conditions.  Then,  it  seems  to  me.  we  must  go  into 
the  field  and  ascertain  what  are  the  conditions:  whether  or  not  our 
artificial  environment  has  changed  the  life  history,  rate  of  reproduc- 
tion, etc..  and  what  factors  influence  the>e  phenomena  in  the  open. 
Tlii-  i>  what  we  have  essayed  to  do  in  as  far  as  our  limited  means 
would  permit,  assuming,  for  the  most  part,  the  correctness  of  the 
most  excellent  and  careful  laboratory  studies  of  Me>sr>.  Hunter  and 
Hinds  at  Victoria.  Our  method  in  field  work  has  been  to  make  fre- 
quent counts  of  large  numbers  of  plants  in  the  same  fields  through 
the  season,  making  note  of  the  number  of  weevils  on  each  plant  and 
the  numbers  of  squares,  bolls,  and  blooms,  and  the  percentage  of  these 
which  are  perfect,  or  injured  by  the  weevil,  and  the  number  of  square^ 
fallen  as  a  result  of  weevil  injury.  Counts  were  also  made  of  thou- 
sands of  fallen  squares  at  different  times  to  determine  the  percentage 
injured  by  the  weevil  and  the  stage  of  the  insects  contained.  Of 
course,  as  the  season  advanced  we  were  compelled  to  examine  a 
smaller  number  of  stalks  owing  to  the  size  of  the  plants,  but  always 
a  sufficient  number  to  give  several  thousand  squares  from  each  plot. 
In  this  way  hundreds  of  thousands  of  plants  have  been  carefully 
counted  and  the  results  tabulated,  during  the  last  two  year-. 

The  first  three  summer  broods  >eem  to  be  fairly  well  defined,  the 
first  occurring  during  the  last  half  of  June,  the  second  about  the  mid- 
dle of  July,  and  the  third  about  the  second  week  in  August  in  central 
Texas.  There  is  an  interesting  relation  between  the  normal  rate  of 
formation  of  squares  on  the  cotton  plant  and  the  increase  of  the 
weevil.     The  rate  of  formation  of  square-  is  so  exceedingly  variable 


38 

and  dependent  upon  so  many  factors  that  it  is  difficult  to  make  any 
generalizations  regarding  it.  l>ut  from  the  many  observations  made 
we  have  drawn  the  following  conclusions:  Cinder  the  conditions  for 
the  lasl  two  years  at  College  Station  the  critical  period  in  the  relation 
between  the  natural  increase  of  squares  and  the  increase  of  injury  by 
the  weevil  is  during  the  first  six  to  eight  week-  after  squaring  com- 
mences, which  usually  coincides  more  or  less  closely  with  the  time 
between  the  second  and  third  broods  of  weevils.  Therefore,  if  we 
consider  >i.\  weeks  as  the  average  time  for  cotton  to  square  after 
planting,  the  hulk  of  the  bolls  must  he  set  between  eighty-five  and 
ninety  days  after  the  time  of  planting.  In  other  words,  to  escape 
injury  by  the  weevil  cotton  must  he  grown  SO  that  the  first  bolls  will 
commence  to  open  about  one  hundred  days  after  planting,  and  that  all 
the  fruit  which  will  probably  be  secured  must  be  set  forty-five  days 
nfter  the  squares  form.  The  advantages  of  early  varieties,  other 
things  being  equal,  is  therefore  apparent. 

But  should  the  weevil  increase  more  rapidly  than  observed  we 
would  have  injury  even  though  the  cotton  were  early.  The  rate  of 
increase  of  the  weevil  is  therefore  most  important.  From  the  studies 
of  Hunter  and  Hinds  we  learn  that  a  female  normally  lays  about  150 
eggs  in  about  fifty-four  days  (average  figures),  and  that  nearly  half 
are  deposited  during  the  first  third  of  the  period.  Allowing  twenty- 
four  days  for  development,  they  estimate  the  total  normal  period  for 
a  generation  to  be  forty-two  days.  By  counts  of  thousands  of  squares 
at  different  seasons  we  have  determined  the  average  rate  of  mortality 
of  weevils  in  squares  to  be  about  65  per  cent.  The  sexes  are  prac- 
tically equal  in  numbers.  Willi  these  facts  it  is  easy  to  compute  that 
if  there  be  2  weevils  per  100  stalks  on  June  1 — about  the  number  at 
College  Station — on  the  appearance  of  the  second  brood  in  mid-July 
there  would  be  50  weevils,  and  these  would  produce  by  September  1 
1,250  adults.  In  other  words,  the  second  brood  would  be  twenty-five 
times  and  the  third  ^ix  hundred  and  twenty-five  times  the  number  of 
the  first.  But  although  we  have  three  broods  in  the  field  during  this 
time  the  increase  is  by  no  means  so  great.  Were  it  so  no  cotton  could 
be  raised.  The  increase  of  the  second  brood  over  the  hibernated 
brood  is  considerably  less  than  twenty-five  times,  usually  not  over 
fifteen  times,  and  the  total  increase  from  June  1  to  September  1  is 
only  about  fifty  time- — certainly  not  over  sixty-five  times— instead 
of  six  hundred  and  twenty-live  time-,  a-  it  should  be  theoretically. 
The  reason  for  this  discrepancy  is  unknown  to  the  writer,  but  for  it 
the  planter  may  be  exceedingly  thankful.  It  may  be  that  (1)  the 
mortality  of  the  immature  stages  is  greater  than  determined,  which 
we  decidedly  doubt;  (2)  many  of  the  adult  weevils  die  or  are  de- 
stroyed before  reproducing;  or  (:;>  the  number  of  eggs  laid  and  the 
length  of  period  of  oviposition  actually  occurring  in  the  held  are 


39 

much  less  than  observed  in  the  laboratory.  We  are  inclined  to  the 
view  that  it  is  due  either  to  the  last  two  factors  or  to  some  other  fac- 
tor which  has  not  been  recognized.  This  discrepancy  emphasizes  the 
necessity  for  accurately  observing  the  actual  conditions  on  a  large 
scale  in  different  fields  in  different  sections  of  the  State,  constantly 
throughout  the  season,  if  we  are  to  obtain  accurate  knowledge  of  the 
true  habits  and  rate  of  increase  of  the  boll  weevil  and  the  amount  ol 
injury  wrought  by  it:  and  I  doubt  not  the  same  principle  will  apply 
to  the  study  of  many  other  insects. 

Regarding  remedies  there  is  but  little  new  to  say.  A  great  furore 
has  been  raised  over  the  alleged  discovery  that  Paris  green  is  a  rem- 
edy for  the  weevil  when  dusted,  but  extensive  experiments  have 
failed  to  show  that  it  may  be  of  any  great  value  in  the  control  of 
the  weevil.  Where  the  weevils  are  abundant  enough  for  it  to  be 
of  benefit — for  it  will  kill  weevils  when  they  are  thick  enough  in 
the  spring  before  the  cotton  begins  squaring — they  could  better  have 
been  prevented  by  destruction  the  previous  fall,  and  where  the 
weevils  are  few  in  number  it  is  of  no  value  at  all,  so  far  as  we  can 
ascertain,  and  the  progeny  of  but  two  weevils  on  June  1  will  be 
numerous  enough  by  early  in  August  to  stop  blooming  and  prevent 
further  fruiting.  The  fact  is  that  Paris  green  appeals  to  the  farmer 
because  it  is  claimed  to  be  a  "  remedy."  Now,  the  average  farmer, 
the  country  over,  cries  for  a  remedy,  when  by  the  use  of  a  simple 
and  inexpensive  preventive  he  would  have  no  need  for  it.  Therefore, 
although  Paris  green  may  be  of  some  value  when  weevils  occur  in 
enormous  numbers  on  stubble  cotton  allowed  to  stand,  or  where  the 
stalks  have  not  been  removed,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  less  said  as  to  its 
partial  efficacy  the  better.  Neither  Paris  green  nor  any  other  poison 
will  ever  control  the  weevil,  but  with  slight  encouragement  the  farmer 
Avill  waste  much  money  in  trying  some  one  of  them.  We  need  in 
such  cases  more  entomological  hygiene  and  less  remedial  treatment 
It  seems  to  the  writer,  therefore,  that  the  holding  out  of  any  hope 
to  the  planter  that  a  "  remedy  "  for  the  weevil  may  be  discovered  is 
doing  him  an  injury.  The  press  is  ever  ready  to  magnify  any  possi- 
bility of  a  "  remedy.**  I  have  yet  to  meet  the  entomologist  who 
thinks  the  finding  of  a  "  remedy  "  other  than  those  uoav  known 
probable  or  possible.  It  does  seem,  therefore,  that  the  quicker 
everyone  in  an  official  position  authoritatively  states  that  he  is  not 
working  to  find  new  "  remedies  '*  but  to  perfect  the  methods  of  con- 
trol already  known,  the  better  it  will  be  for  the  farmer. 

The  past  season  has  demonstrated  to  me  that  the  ;'  cultural  meth- 
ods," by  which  we  mean  growing  cotton  so  early  that  a  crop  will  be 
made  before  the  serious  injury  occurs,  are  not  alone  sufficient  to  insure 
a  crop.     If  the  previous  winter  be  dry  and  open  and  an  unusual  num- 


40 

ber  of  weevils  survive  the  \\  inter,  unless  the  stalks  have  been  destroyed 
the  previous  fall  and  the  number  going  into  hibernation  has  thus  been 
reduced,  I  doubt  if  the  best  cultural  methods  will  avail  to  make  an 
average  crop.  On  the  other  band,  if  midsummer  be  we<  and  the 
fruit  formed  drops,  the  best  of  methods  can  not  make  a  crop.  With 
normal  weather  conditions — if  there  be  such  in  Texas — a  crop  can  be 
made  simply  by  the  best  so-called  cultural  methods,  but  it  is  abso- 
lute folly  to  rely  on  them  alone.  The  only  real  means  of  checking 
the  weevil  economically  is  by  the  destruction  of  the  stalks  in  the  fall. 
When  this  is  generally  done  the  weevil  will  cease  to  be  feared  in 

Texas.  That  it  has  not  been  done  before  is  because  it  has  never  been 
demonstrated  to  the  planters  on  a  scale  large  enough  so  that  they  could 
clearly  see  the  resulting  benefit.  We  entomologists  may  be  satisfied 
from  our  held  studies  and  small  experiments  that  it  is  of  value,  but 
we  have  not  as  yet  convinced  the  average  planter  sufficiently  to  secure 
his  adoption  of  our  recommendations.  It  will  take  a  demonstration 
on  a  scale  so  large  as  to  secure  the  cooperation  and  subsequent 
indorsement  of  a  whole  community  before  it  can  be  entirely  demon- 
strated  to  the  unbelieving  that  the  destruction  of  stalks  in  the  fall  is 
a  necessity  for  the  entire  State.  I  am  persuaded  that  the  only  real 
method  for  controlling  the  spread  of  the  boll  weevil  is  by  this  fall 
destruction  of  the  stalks.  Were  it  generally  practiced  in  Texas  and 
in  the  infested  ^pots  in  Louisiana,  I  can  see  no  reason  why  any  large 
number  of  weevils  should  spread  to  uninfected  territory,  and  the  few 
spreading  could  be  prevented  from  becoming  numerous  by  adopting 
the  same  method.  But  all  the  laws  of  the  Medes  and  Persians  will. 
not  stoj)  the  spread  of  the  boll  weevil  or  any  other  similar  insect  by 
any  method  of  quarantine  yet  devised,  much  as  I  sympathize  with 
the  adoption  of  these  measures  in  the  Southern  States.  If  the  natural 
conditions  are  such  as  to  permit  and  encourage  its  gradual  spread 
along  the  Gulf  coast,  it  will  spread  in  spite  of  all  that  man  can  do. 
All  he  can  do  is  to  deter  its  spread  and  control  its  injury.  But  if 
unchecked  at  its  source  and  throughout  the  infested  region,  it  will 
spread  at  a  maximum  speed,  and  it  will  be  much  more  difficult  to  bring 
it  under  control.  It  seems,  therefore,  that  the  greatest  benefit  to  the 
uninfected  States  would  come  from  the  passage  in  Texas  and  Louis- 
iana of  laws  compelling  the  destruction  of  the  stalks  in  the  fall,  and 
any  influence  that  other  States  can  bring  to  bear  toward  this  end  will 
do  more  than  anything  else  to  prevent   the  weevil's  entry  and  SUDSe- 

quent  depredations  in  their  States. 

And.  in  closing,  permit  a  brief  digression  to  consider  a  more  gen- 
era] aspect  of  the  case.  The  boll  weevil  in  Texas  and  the  gypsy  and 
brown-tail  moth-  in  New  England  are  raising  some  point-  in  the 
relations  between  States  which  before  lone;  will  need  careful  discus- 


41 

sion  and  broad-minded  treatment.  Here  we  have  insects  which  the 
infested  States  fail  to  control,  either  through  inability  or  neglect,  and 
they  spread  beyond  their  boundaries.  Quarantines  against  them  are 
comparatively  useless  unless  the  insects  are  controlled  in  the  badly 
infested  region.  The  National  Government  makes  appropriations 
partly  to  aid  in  study  of  the  pests  for  the  information  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  uninfested  States  and  partly  to  prevent  spread,  but  it  can 
have  no  authority  in  the  latter  respect  without  State  legislation. 
Undoubtedly  at  least  one  of  the  two  moths  in  Xew  England — the 
gypsy  moth — might  be  controlled  were  the  States  infested  willing  to 
spend  sufficient  money  to  confine  it  within  their  border- :  and  the 
same  is  largely  true  of  the  boll  weevil,  were  it  generally  controlled 
by  destruction  of  the  stalks  as  outlined.  But  why  should  one  State 
tax  itself  to  subdue  a  pest  which  is  causing  it  loss  and  others  gain 
from  increased  prices,  as  in  the  case  of  the  weevil,  to  prevent  it  from 
spreading  to  them?  On  the  other  hand.- if  it  is  possible  for  the  State 
to  do  so.  is  the  General  Government  justified  in  assuming  the  task 
if  it  had  the  authority?  These  are  questions  of  a  broad  nature  which 
it  seems  to  the  writer  are  rather  new  and  which  must  be  met  sooner 
or  later.  In  their  solution  an  association  such  as  this  should  take  a 
leading  part. 


Mr.  Skinner  remarked  that  certain  newspapers  had  published  a 
statement  that  an  attempt  was  being  made  among  cotton  growers  of 
the  South  to  combine  and  destroy  a  portion  of  this  year's  crop  in  order 
to  raise  the  price  of  cotton.  In  view  of  this,  might  we  not  look  upon 
the  boll  weevil  as  a  beneficial  insect  in  years  like  the  present,  when  the 
crop  is  larger  than  usual  ? 

Mr.  Hunter  said  that  the  results  reached  by  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  agreed  fully  with  those  presented  in  Mr.  Sanderson's 
paper.  Climatic  conditions  are  so  important  that  methods  that  fail 
to  take  account  of  their  influence  are  likely  to  give  widely  different 
results  in  different  seasons.  A  fairly  good  remedy  is  at  hand.  viz. 
the  actual  destruction  of  large  numbers  of  the  weevils  in  the  fall : 
but  the  general  indifference  of  the  people  to  suggestions  makes  it 
difficult  to  get  cooperation  in  this.  They  grasp  at  any  possibility,  such 
as  the  use  of  mineral  paint,  attracting  to  cotton-seed  meal,  and  other 
quack  nostrums  which  have  been  shown  to  be  of  no  use  whatever. 
As  to  the  suggestion  that  the  boll  weevil  might  be  a  benefit  in  raising 
the  price  of  cotton,  it  is  a  fallacy  to  suppose  that  the  increase  in  price 
was  due  to  the  boll  weevil.  It  seems  an  important  possibility  that 
predictions  of  great  commercial  value  in  regard  to  prospective  injury 
may  be  based  on  the  principle  suggested  by  Mr.  Sanderson. 


42 

Mr.  Howard  said  thai  the  Department  frequently  had  great  diffi- 
culty in  counteracting  the  influence  of  men  prominent  locally,  who 
come  to  believe  Prom  accidental  causes  in  some  method  of  no  genera] 
value,  and  because  of  their  belief  in  it  strongly  advocate  its  use  in 
their  own  section.  A  promulgation  of  the  idea  of  Paris  green  as  of 
use  against  the  boll  weevil  was  mostly  the  work  of  one  prominent 
man.  During  the  past  season  a  very  considerable  amount  of  money 
was  spent  in  Texas  for  the  purchase  of  Paris'green  by  people  who 
were  impressed  by  the  standing  of  the  individual  in  question  and  by 
his  forcible  claims.  At  the  recent  national  cotton  convention  at 
Shreveport,  La.,  however,  so  strong  a  presentation  of  the  case  was 
made  by  an  equally  prominent  gentleman,  who  had  conducted  a 
Large  experiment  with  the  substance  and  with  negative  results,  that 
no  further  verbal  statements  were  necessary  from  members  of  the 
force  of  the  Bureau  of  Entomology,  which,  however,  has  published 
a  bulletin  devoted  to  this  specific  subject,  under  the  authorship  of 
Mr.  W.  I).  Hunter. 

The  following  paper  was  read  : 

THE    FALL   WEBWORM    PARTIALLY   DOUBLE-BROODED    IN 

CONNECTICUT. 

By  W.  E.  Bbttton,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

In  1901  the  fall  webworm  (Hyphantria  cunea  Drury)  was  more 
abundant  in  Connecticut  than  for  many  years,  and.  although  still 
present  in  destructive  numbers,  has  decreased  each  year  since.  For 
some  time  I  have  considered  the  species  to  be  double-brooded,  or  par- 
tially so.  in  Connecticut,  but  had  not  been  able  to  make  any  definite 
observations  that  would  help  to  settle  the  matter.  A  statement  to 
this  effect  was  made  in  my  first  report  as  State  Entomologist.0  A 
similar  statement  was  made  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Connecticut 
Pomological  Society,  at    Hartford.  Conn..  February  4.  L902.6 

In  the  yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  L895,  page 
376,  and  also  ill  Farmers*  Bulletin  No.  99,  page  -JO.  Howard  states 
that   the  species  is  double  brooded  south  of  New   York  City. 

According  to  Fernald,  there  is  no  satisfactory  evidence  of  more 

■  • 

than  one  brood  in  Massachusetts,"  and  Mr.  Kirkland  informs  me  that 
the  insect  has  been  carefully  studied  at  Amherst  and  that  only  one 
brood  occurs. 

( )n  June  23,  L904,  the  first  not  of  the  season  was  found  in  a  pear 
tree    in    Westville,   near   New    Haven.     The   nest    was  small,  and   the 

"  First  Report  State  Entomologist  of  Connecticut  p.  271. 
^Fourth  Report  Connecticut  Pomological  Society,  p.  20. 
Hatch  Experiment  Station,  Bulletin  No.  l'u.  p.  11,  1893. 


43 

larvae  had  evidently  been  hatched  but  a  few  days.  They  were  taken 
to  the  laboratory  and  fed  upon  pear  leave-.  We  were  too  busy  with 
other  work  to  watch  them  closely,  therefore  I  have  no  record  or 
descriptions  of  the  different  molting  stages.  On  July  29  all  but 
three  of  the  caterpillars  had  pupated,  and  two  adults  emerged 
August  1.  The  moths  continued  to  emerge  until  August  5,  when 
there  were  30  in  the  breeding  cage,  and  two  masses  of  small  green- 
ish eggs  had  been  deposited  on  the  side  of  the  cage.  Most  writers 
refer  to  the  eggs  as  being  golden  yellow  in  color,  but  these  were 
quite  a  brilliant  light  green.  All  of  the  adults,  including  both  sexes, 
had  immaculate  wings. 

August  15  the  eggs  had  hatched.  We  fed  the  larvae  until  about 
the  middle  of  September,  when  we  had  to  go  out  inspecting  nurs- 
eries and  could  not  give  them  the  food  needed,  and  all  died  before 
pupating.  I  do  not  believe  there  were  two  complete  broods  of  the 
insect  throughout  the  State,  because  the  early  nests  were  extremely 
rare,  most  of  the  nests  appearing  about  a  month  later.  The  latitude 
of  Xew  Haven,  while  not  very  different  from  that  of  Xew  York  City. 
varies  by  over  half  of  1°  and  probably  marks  about  the  northern 
limit  of  the  double-brooded  occurrence  of  the  fall  webworm. 


Mr.  Felt  said  that  the  first  nests  were  found  in  Xew  York  the 
latter  part  of  June.  He  was  convinced  that  there  was  a  partial 
double  brood. 

Mr.  Smith  said  that  throughout  Xew  Jersey  it  is  fully  double 
brooded. 

The  following  paper  was  presented : 

PRELIMINARY    REPORT  UPON  WORK  AGAINST  A  DESTRUCTIVE 
LEAF-HOPPER  (EMPOASCA  MALI  Le  B.). 

By  F.  L.  Washburn,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn. 

I  came  to  the  last  meeting  of  the  Association,  at  St.  Louis,  with  an 
unsolved  problem  in  my  mind  as  to  how  we  could  control  this  leaf- 
hopper.  which  was  making  its  presence  felt  in  a  very  destructive  way 
in  the  nurseries  of  Minnesota.  I  have  found  it  on  many  trees  other 
than  the  apple.  The  assistant  under  whom  the  work  was  conducted 
last  summer  reports  that  its  attacks  are  least  apparent  on  the  North- 
western Greening  and  most  evident  on  the  Repka.  Charlamoff.  Ly- 
man. Minnesota,  and  Transcendent  varieties.  After  the  Repka.  ac- 
cording to  his  observations,  comes  Scott's  Winter,  which  appears  to  be 
quite  badly  affected,  and  in  a  diminishing  ratio  Patten's  Green- 
ing. Early  Strawberry.  Sweet  Russet.  Malinda,  Longfield,  Duchess. 
Hibernal,  Wealthy.  Whitney.  Peerless,  Anisim. 


44 

So  far  as  I  know,  the  life  history  of  Empoasca  nvali  has  not  been 
thoroughly  worked  out.  As  far  as  the  apple  is  concerned,  it  would 
appear  that  the  egg  i-  laid  by  the  adult  in  the  tissue  of  the  leaf,  for 
young  <>1  such  a  tender  age  as  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  their 
having  migrated  after  hatching  are  found  on  the  under  side  of  the 
leaf.  In  the  absence  of  conclusive  evidence,  however,  I  hesitate  to 
regard  the  above  probability  in  the  light  of  a  fact.  As  you  all  know, 
the  Leaves  of  uursery  trees,  a--  well  as  the  more  tender  leaves  in  or- 
chards, are  curled  by  this  pest,  and  the  growth  of  the  tree  checked  for 
the  time  being.  Last  summer  in  Minnesota  the  Insects  began  their 
work  early  in  July  and  soon  grew  very  abundant. 

Mr.  Stedman,  of  Missouri,  who  was  present  at  the  meeting  in  St. 
Louis,  chanced  to  remark'  upon  his  work  along  this  line  in  his  State. 
This  coincidence  was  a  great  help  to  me,  for  I  at  once  proceeded  to 
get  suggest  ion<  from  him.  which  were  most  cheerfully  given.  The 
general  plan  of  his  spraying  machine  I  carried  home  with  me.  find- 
ing, upon  considering  the  matter,  that  this  plan  should  he  changed 
somewhat  to  better  subserve  our  purpose  in  Minnesota. 

It  is  to  he  noted  that  3-  and  4-year-old  trees  in  Minnesota  are  not 
a-  tall  as  they  are  in  Missouri,  hence  we  were  not  obliged  to  have 
the  cart  quite  so  high  above  the  ground.  AVe  found  it  best,  also, 
to  bring  the  container  off  the  platform  which  stood  above  the  wheels 
in  order  to  make  the  cart  more  stahle.  The  wheels  of  this  cart  are 
5|  feet  in  diameter,  with  4-inch  tires,  and  the  platform,  which  is 
8  by  4  J  feet  in  size,  is  14  inches  above  the  wheels  and  firmly  bal- 
anced on  the  axle,  so  that  practically  all  the  weight  comes  on  the 
axle  and  not  on  the  horse. 

A  glance  at  the  accompanying  illustration  (fig.  2)  will  give  one 
an  idea  of  the  details.  The  pipe  {I>)  is  a  1-inch  pipe  10  feet  long. 
On  this  pipe  four  nozzles  are  attached,  pointing  directly  downward 
and  so  placed  as  to  he  3|  feet  distant  from  each  other.  This  spacing 
brings  each  of  the  nozzles  directly  over  a  nursery  row.  where,  as  in 
Minnesota,  the  rows  are  usually  3^  feet  apart.  This  pipe  can  he 
raised  or  lowered  mechanically  to  suit  high  or  low  trees.  The  hori- 
zontal pipe  (C)  LS  11  feet  long  and  projects  10  inches  hack  of  the 
platform,  thus  clearing  the  wheels.  The  live  verticals  from  this  pipe 
</:')  are  made  of  |-inch  piping,  5  feet  4  inches  long,  and  there  is  also 
a  :>,(-foot  space  between  these.  The  crosspieces  at  the  bottom  are  so 
arranged  that  a  nozzle  in  each  end  of  each  piece  points  up  at  an 
angle  of  about  4.~>°.  This  spacing  and  arrangement  of  the  nozzles 
on  both  pipes  results  in  a  copious  spray  coming  both   from  above 

upon  the  tops  of  the  trees  and  from  helow  against  the  lower  surface 
of  the  leaves — the  latter,  as  you  know,  being  very  important.  In 
actual  practice  the  tree-  are  completely  surrounded  by  a  fine  spray, 


45 


so  that  the  insects,  whether  upon  the  upper  or  lower  surface,  or 
whether,  disturbed  by  the  spraying,  they  seek  to  fly  away,  are  sure 
to  be  caught  by  the  deadly  mist.  Two  pumps  were  used,  one  with 
kerosene  emulsion  and  the  other  with  kero-water — not  at  the  same 
time,  of  course.  These  pumps  were  placed  on  a  small  raised  plat- 
form in  order  to  bring  the  handles  within  easy  reach  of  the  man 
pumping.  The  hose  can  be  so  connected  with  the  horizontal  pipes 
as  to  throw   all  the  liquid   forced  up  by  one  pump  into  the  two 


Fig.  2.— Outfit  used  for  spraying  young  apple  trees  for  Empoasca  malt  (original^. 

horizontals  when  one  pump  is  used  alone,  or  into  one  horizontal  under 
the  same  condition;  or  when  both  pumps  are  used  the  liquid  is  forced 
equally  into  the  entire  system  of  piping.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we 
found  that  in  using  kerosene  emulsion  one  pump  could  easily  make  a 
good  spray  from  all  the  nozzles.  It  is  evident  that  this  outfit  can  be 
used  with  any  spraying  compound.  The  tank,  resting  on  the  plat- 
form between  the  wheels,  was  made  of  strong  galvanized  iron  and 
was  2  feet  10  inches  in  diameter  and  3^  feet  high,  holding  about 
165  gallons.  The  faucet  in  the  bottom  behind  permitted  the  empty- 
ing of  the  tank  at  any  time,  and  there  was  a  hole  14  inches  square  in 


46 

the  top  for  filling  it.  We  used  ;i  heavy  horse,  and  placed  on  the  back 
of  tlif  animal  an  old  saddle,  which  seemed  to  relieve  his  back  of  any 
undue  strain.  Elowever,  as  before  stated,  the  vveighl  was  so  well 
balanced  on  the  axle  that   the  outfit   was  not   at  all  severe  on  the 

horse  and  was  drawn  with  apparent  ease  when  the  tank  was  from 
one  half  to  two-thirds  full. 

We  had  planned  to  spray  early  in  July,  hut  owing  to  delay  in  get- 
ting the  cart  completed  the  first  spraying  was  not  given  until  Jul}' 
14.  At  that  time  kerosene  emulsion  was  used  at  the  rat.'  of  1  part  of 
-tock  emulsion  to  12  parts  of  water.  The  uiachine  worked  perfectly, 
one  man  and  one  pump  being  snflieient  to  envelop  each  tree  in  the 
row  in  a  complete  fog.  In  this  fog  were  thousands  of  hoppers  fly- 
ing from  the  trees,  but  unable  to  escape  the  spray.  This  strength  of 
emulsion,  however,  while  it  killed  the  young  hoppers,  did  not  per- 
manently affect  the  adidts.  On  July  1(.>.  therefore,  we  increased  the 
strength,  using  1  part  emulsion  to  10  of  water.  This  in  no  way  in- 
jured the  trees,  nor  did  it.  unfortunately,  kill  the  adults,  which  were 
\ci-y  numerous  at  that  date. 

Learning  from  the  Missouri  station  that  they  were  using  a  mechan- 
ical mixture  of  kerosene  (10  per  cent)  and  water  with  considerable 
success,  I  sent  for  a  kero-water  pump,  which  is  shown  in  figure  2  (at 
the  right)  fitted  to  the  platform.  The  writer  has  yet  to  see  one  of 
these  kero-water  machines  which  pumps  true  to  the  indicator.  Our 
experience  has  been  that  if  the  indicator  points  at  10  per  cent  one  is 
not  at  all  sure  of  obtaining  that  percentage  of  oil  in  the  water:  in 
fact,  he  is  quite  sure  not  to.  When  the  indicator  of  our  pump  "  in- 
dicated "  20  per  cent  we  found  by  actual  test  that  we  were  pumping 
10  per  cent,  and  25  per  cent  indicated  gave  only  15'per  cent.  With 
the  indicator  at  30  per  cent  we  obtained  25  per  cent,  while  50  per  cent 
on  the  indicator  gave  nearly  50  per  cent  by  actual  test  as  it  came  from 
the  nozzles.  The  indicator's  10  per  cent  and  15  per  cent  gave  such  a 
-mall  percentage  of  oil.  far  below  the  figure  indicated,  as  to  be  prac- 
tically worthless  for  our  purpose.  We  found,  further,  that  when  the 
oil  in  the  oil  tank  got  quite  low  the  percentage  materially  changed. 
For  Instance,  with  the  indicator  at  25  percent  we  pumped  15  per  cent 
steadily  until  the  tank  was  nearly  empty,  when  test  showed  that  we 
were  getting  only  •">  per  cent.  This  inaccuracy  and  variation  is  com- 
mon to  all  the  kero-water  pumps  with  which  I  have  had  experience, 
and  i-  a  serious  objection  to  their  use.  Nevertheless,  once  understood. 
and  frequently  tested  in  the  field,  these  machines  may  do  good  service. 

Our  kero-water  outfit  arrived  too  late  in  the  season  to  be  of  real 
practical  benefit.  It  was  used  August  5  for  the  first  time,  and  kero- 
water  with  L5  pel-  cent  of  kerosene  was  applied.  At  that  date  the 
hoppers   were  becoming  decidedly  less  in  number,  and.  further,  the 


47 

pump  could  only  supply  liquid  sufficient  to  fill  the  lower  nozzles. 
This  difficulty  was  overcome  by  obtaining  another  pump,  so  that  next 
season  we  will  be  prepared  at  the  very  outset  to  put  up  a  good  and.  I 
hope,  a  successful  tight  against  this  pest,  which  is  costing  the  nursery- 
men several  hundreds  of  dollars  loss  annually. 

At  Adrian,  Minn.,  Mr.  Fred  Mohl,  proprietor  of  a  large  nursery, 
has  kindly  cooperated  with  the  Entomologist,  and  has  been  making 
a  series  of  experiments  with  the  dust  spray.  Mr.  Mohl  sprayed 
twice  with  the  "  caustic  lime  "  mixture,  and  once  with  the  "  general 
formula."  At  the  date  of  my  visit,  July  12,  the  trees  were  looking 
very  well,  though  they  were  not  free  from  leaf -hoppers.  Mr.  Mohl 
is  of  the  opinion  that,  if  he  had  begun  earlier,  "  before  the  hoppers 
appeared."  as  he  expressed  it.  and  sprayed  three  times,  he  could  have 
kept  them  well  under  control.  While  the  writer  is  quite  willing  to 
be  convinced,  he  has  not  absolute  confidence  in  the  efficacy  of  dust 
spraying  in  this  connection. 

I  believe  the  possibilities  foreshadowed  in  the  success  of  the  cart 
as  a  sprayer  are  almost  unlimited.  A  cart  to  straddle  one  row  and 
spray  the  straddled  row  and  the  two  adjoining  rows  could  be 
easily  constructed.  These  carts,  too,  including  the  one  we  are  now 
using,  could  be  made  automatic  by  connecting  the  pumps  with  the 
wheels  by  proper  gearing. 


Mr.  Smith  concurred  in  the  view  that  kero-water  pumps  were  in 
general  unreliable.  He  hoped  that  experiments  already  under  way 
on  the  production  of  so-called  "  soluble  petroleum  "  would  solve  the 
difficulty. 

Mr.  Slingerland  said  that  in  New  York  they  had  gone  through 
similar  experiments  for  the  leaf-hopper  on  grape  vines.  With  diluted 
kerosene  emulsion  or  whale-oil  soap  the  young  hoppers  were  easily 
killed,  "but  the  only  way  to  kill  the  adults  was  to  first  get  them  off 
the  vines.  They  were  knocked  down  by  a  5  per  cent  kerosene  spray, 
but  they  would  recover  from  this:  consequently  it  was  necessary, 
while  they  were  on  the  ground,  to  spray  again  with  a  25  per  cent 
mixture. 

Mr.  Sanderson  said  that  he  had  failed  to  find  any  satisfactory 
form  of  kero-water  pump. 

Mr.  Osborn  said  that  he  had  killed  some  species  of  hoppers  on 
potatoes  with  5  per  cent  emulsion,  but  it  was  necessary  to  keep  them 
in  the  air  for  this  to  be  effective. 

Mr.  Fletcher  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  hoppers  might  often 
be  fatally  injured  even  though  they  appeared  all  right  for  a  time 
after  the  spraying,  death  occurring  later.  He  said  that  Mr.  Lugger 
had  killed  grasshoppers  by  dipping  one  leg  in  kerosene. 


48 


The  following  paper  was  read: 


ADDITIONS    TO    OUR    KNOWLEDGE    OF    THE    CABINET    BEETLE 
(ANTHRENTJS  VERBASCI  Linn.). 

By  IIk.nky  L.  Viebeck,  Vetc  Haven,  Conn. 

While  at   the  Connecticut   Agricultural    Experiment    Station   the 

writer  made  some  observations  on  this  species  which  seem  to  be  new. 
Larvae  of  Anthrenu*  verbasci  had  been  kept  in  a  tube  with  cotton 
liber-  during  the  winter.  After  subsisting  on  the  cotton  the  speci- 
mens were  transferred,  in  the  spring,  to  Syracuse  watch  glasses,  Lined 

with  black  woolen  cloth,  where  they  could  be  readily  watched  and  fed 
with  dried  in-ects. 

One  day  a  female  specimen  was  observed  with  an  egg  partly  pro- 
truding from  its  ovipositor.  When  first  seen  it  had  the  ovipositor. 
with  the  egg.  inserted  in  the  woolen  cloth;  then  it  seemed  disturbed, 
for  it  walked  around  with  the  egg  nearly  all  the 
way  out,  but  made  no  apparent  effort  to  drop  it. 
A  short  time  after  this  observation  the  egg  had 
been  dropped.  The  laving  of  this  egg  could  not 
have  taken  more  than  five  minutes.  Eggs  were 
first  noticed  about  March  1.  On  March  15  four 
eggs  were  put  on  a  piece  of  cloth,  which  was 
pinned  into  a  Schmitt  box  with  no  insecticide  in 
it  :  another  lot  of  four  eggs  was  put  on  a  piece  of 
cloth  and  pinned  into  a  box  containing  three 
naphthalan  cones.  April  7  the  eggs  in  the  box 
without  naphthalin  had  hatched  and  the  larva' 
were  lively.  In  the  box  with  the  naphthalin  two 
ee;u-s  had  matured  embryos  or  young  larva-:  one 
larva  had  eaten  the  end  off  the  egg  preparatory  to 
emerging,  but  there  died:  the  other  did  not  sue- 
ceed  in  cutting  through  the  cover,  though  it  was 
apparently  as  far  advanced  in  development  as  the  first  specimen. 
The  second  embryo  had  evidently  inhaled  the  fumes  of  the  naph- 
thalin through  the  thin  membrane  or  the  micropyle.  This  experiment 
seems  to  demonstrate  that  naphthalin  does  not  retard  the  growth  of 
the  embryo  in  the  egg,  but  does  prevent  the  young  larva  from  emerg- 
ing. When  laid,  the  eggs  are  -oft.  with  a  membranous  covering  con- 
taining the  whitish  granular  fluid,  and  measures  0.60  mm.  in  length 
and  0.29  mm.  in  width.  They  are  bare,  except  at  the  blunt  end. 
where  hairs  occur.  At  the  time  the  larva  emerges  everything  in  the 
i>gg  ha-  been  taken  up  and  only  the  thin  outer  membrane  or  skin  re- 
mains a-  a  wrinkled  tissue.     The  accompanying  -ketch  dig.  :\)  will 

h.-lp  to  convey  an  idea  of  the  character-  presented  by  the  egg. 


Via.  8.— Egg  of  Anthre- 
„us  verbasci,  greatly 
enlarged  (original). 


49 

Mr.  Smith  said  that  he  had  placed  naphthalin  in  boxes  that  were 
well  infested  with  Anthrenus :  this  prevented  development  so  long  as 
any  of  the  material  remained,  but  after  it  all  disappeared,  which  in 
one  case  took  over  a  year,  the  larva:'  developed. 

The  following  papers  were  then  presented : 

SPRAYING  APPLES  AGAINST  THE  PLUM  CTJRCULIO. 

By  S.  A.  Forbes,  Uroana,  III 

[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

VALUE  OF  COPPER  SULPHATE  AGAINST  MOSQUITO  LARV^. 

By  C.  L.  Marlatt.  Washington,  D.  C. 
[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

1IORXIXG  SESSION,  FRIDAY.  DECEMBER  30.  1904. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  at  10  a.  m.  by  President  Quaint- 
ance.  On  motion  it  was  decided  to  defer  the  discussion  on  the  follow- 
ing series  of  papers  on  miscellaneous  insects  until  all  of  them  had 
been  read.  The  following  papers  were  then  presented,  the  Inst  two 
by  title : 

BRIEF  NOTES  ON  OHIO  INSECTS  FOR  1904. 

By  Herbert  Oshorx.  Coin  nth  its.  Ohio. 

Xo  particularly  serious  or  widespread  insect  outbreaks  have  been 
noted  in  Ohio  during  the  past  season,  but  there  have  been  a  number 
of  cases  of  local  abundance  and  destruction,  some  of  which  may  well 
be  placed  on  record. 

The  pear  slug  (Eriocampoides  1  (marina  Retz.)  was  noticed  in 
Huron,  near  the  lake  shore,  in  small  orchards  of  cherry  tree.-,  in 
which  many  of  the  trees  were  so  seriously  infested  as  to  appear  quite 
brown  and  burned.  This  condition  was  noticeable  from  a  consider- 
able distance,  and  closer  inspection  of  the  trees  showed  the  foliage  to 
be  almost  completely  destroyed  by  the  numerous  larvae.  This  occur- 
rence was  during  the  latter  part  of  July,  and  at  this  time  the  larva1 
were  apparently  reaching  maturity. 

The  willow  weevil  (Cryptorhynchus  lapathi  Linn.).  Specimens 
of  this  introduced  species  have  been  handed  to  me  by  Prof.  E.  H. 
Edwards,  of  Cleveland,  who  tells  me  that  the  insect  occurred  in  large 
numbers  on  willows  and  probably  also  on  poplars  in  the  vicinity  of 
Cleveland.     Both  larva1  and  adults  were  observed  and  the  damage 

25524— No.  52—05  M 1 


50 

occasioned  was  quite  noticeable.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the 
appearance  of  this  -pedes  in  thi^  State  was  recorded  by  Professor 
Webster  three  years  ago,  and  it  would  seem  from  this  occurrence 
that  the  species  has  been  spreading  and  that  it  is  likely  to  prove  of 
considerable  importance  where  the  trees  it  infests  are  of  any  value. 

The  elm  Leaf-beetle  (GaJ-eruct  lla  luti  ola  Mull.).  This  specie-,  which 
has  been  so  injurious  in  different  parts  of  the  eastern  United  States. 
has  been  reported  as  introduced  at  Dayton.  Ohio,  specimens  in  con- 
siderable numbers  being  secured  by  Mr.  A.  F.  Burgess,  chief  in- 
spector of  orchards  and  nurseries.  This  is  the  first  occurrence  of 
this  species  in  the  State,  and  it<  appearance  at  a  point  so  distant 
from  any  of  the  other  localities  where  it  occurs  is  a  matter  of  con- 
siderable  interest. 

The  peach  borer  {Sanninoidea  exitiosa  Say).  This  common  enemy 
of  peaches  has  apparently  been  somewhat  more  numerous  than  usual 
during  the  past  season,  although  regularly  a  common  species  in  peach 
orchard-. 

The  occurrence  of  the  screw  worm  (Chrysomyia  macellaria  Fab.) 
is  perhaps  worthy  of  notice,  although  it  has  doubtless  been  a  common 
species  in  the  State  for  many  years.  It  has  been  found  on  the  beach 
at  Cedar  Point  as  one  of  the  most  abundant  species,  feeding  on  the 
dead  fish  that  are  thrown  ashore.  Xo  instances  of  its  attack  on  man 
have  come  to  our  notice.  The  species  seems  at  that  point  fully 
adapted  to  the  particular  food  supply  which  is  furnished  it  in  the 
drift   from  the  lake. 

The  Hessian  fly  (Mayetiola  destructor  Say),  which  ha-  been  some- 
what less  destructive  the  last  two  or  three  years,  seems  this  year,  from 
report-,  to  be  on  the  increase.  I  have  not  myself  had  much  oppor- 
tunity of  uoting  its  abundance  in  the  fields,  and  therefore  judge 
simply  from  reports  which  have  been  sent  to  me. 

The  chinch  bug  (Blissus  leucopterus  Say),  while  present  and  com- 
ing to  light  in  collections  during  the  year,  has  not.  so  far  as  T  know. 
caused  any  considerable  destruction.  Xo  reports  of  its  serious  abun- 
dance have  come  to  me. 

The  squash  bug  (Anasa  tristis  De  (J.)  has  put  in  its  regular  appear- 
ance, and  I  have  noticed  some  quite  destructive  work  on  squash  vines 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  season.  This  specie-  i-  doubtless  locally 
abundant  almost  every  year  and  mu-t  be  responsible  for  no  -mall 
amount  of  damage. 

The  bagworm  (Thyridopteryx  ephemerceformis  Steph.)  has  not. 
perhaps,  been  much  more  abundant  than  in  former  year-,  but  has 
attracted  attention.  It  doe-  not  appear  to  multiply  very  greatly  and 
its  range  is  probably  not  changing  materially. 

The    fall    web-worm     (Hyphantria    cunea    Dru.)     has    again    been 


51 

noticed  as  quite  abundant,  the  webs  being  formed  as  early  as  in  the 
first  part  of  July  in  the  vicinity  of  Sandusky. 

The  northern  corn  rootworm  (Diabrotica  longicornis  Say)  is 
apparently  increasing  in  numbers,  the  adult  beetles  being  quite  plenti- 
ful during  autumn  of  the  present  season. 

The  plum  curculio  (Conotrachelm  nenuphar  Hbst.)  was  probably 
less  abundant  than  in  average  years  and  the  crop  of  plums  was  abun- 
dant and  quite  free  from  injury. 

The  apple  maggot  (Rhagoletis  pomonella  Walsh)  has  not  been 
more  abundant  than  in  previous  years,  so  far  as  observations  would 
indicate.  It  may  be  considered,  however,  as  a  well-establi>hed  species 
in  this  section  and  some  damage  may  be  expected  from  it  every  year. 

The  codling  moth  (Carpocapsa  pomonella  Linn.)  has  not  been 
noticed  in  detail,  but  fruit  has  shown  its  presence  in  the  usual  months 
and  there  has  doubtless  been  an  average  amount  of  loss  except  where 
orchards  have  been  sprayed. 


NOTES  FOR  THE  YEAR— NEW  YORK. 
By  E.  P.  Felt.  Albany,  V.  F. 

The  season  of  1904  has  been  notable  because  of  the  remarkably 
small  amount  of  insect  injury  to  agricultural  crops.  Plant  lice  and 
the  pear  Psylla  (Psylla  pyri  Linn.),  so  abundant  in  1903.  hardly 
attracted  attention  last  year.  The  San  Jose  scale  (Aspidlotus  per- 
niciosus  Comst.)  has  "become  thoroughly  established  in  a  number  of 
localities  in  the  State,  and  the  best  method  of  controlling  it  in  com- 
mercial orchards  is  now  an  urgent  problem.  The  elm  leaf-beetle 
(Galerucella  luteola  Mull.)  has  been  remarkable  for  its  scarcity,  and 
the  only  thing  worthy  of  special  note  in  this  connection  is  its  occur- 
rence in  considerable  numbers  in  the  village  of  Glens  Falls,  which,  so 
far  as  known  to  us.  is  its  northernmost  locality.  The  violet  sawfly 
(Emphytus  canadensis  Kirby)  attracted  some  attention  about  the 
middle  of  June,  because  of  its  depredations  on  pansies  at  Nassau. 
The  stalk  borer  (Papaipema  nitela  Guen.)  has  been  unusually  abun- 
dant in  some  sections  of  the  State,  working  as  usual  in  thick-stalked 
plants  and  injuring  tomatoes,  potatoes,  and  corn  in  particular.  An 
interesting  injury  by  young  of  what  were  probably  buffalo  tree 
hoppers  (Ceresa  bubalus  Fab.)  was  brought  to  notice.  They  estab- 
lished themselves  upon  the  stems  of  the  common  balsam  and  sucked 
the  juices  therefrom  to  such  an  extent  that  the  plant  was  unable  to 
support  itself,  and  the  part  above  the  point  of  injury  lopped  over 
and  eventually  died. 


52 

A  third  shipment  of  the  Chinese  lady  beetles  (Chilocorus  similis 
Rossi)  was  obtained  last  June  through  the  kindness  of  Prof.  Wilmon 
Newell,  State  entomologist  of  Georgia,  and  established  in  a  badly 
infested  orchard  :it  Kinderhook,  Columbia  County.  Unfortunately 
we  were  unable  to  find  larva  or  signs  of  breeding,  as  had  been  the 
case  with  earlier  shipments  in  the  years  1902-3,  and  it  is  possible  that 
most  <d"  the  insects  availed  themselves  of  their  freedom  and  spread  to 
other  trees.  It  is  sincerely  hoped  that  some  have  found  conditions 
to  their  liking,  where  they  have  bred  freely,  and  that  the  species  will 
become  established  in  that  section  and  prove  of  considerable  service 
in  controlling  the  San  Jose  scale. 

It  will  he  well,  in  this  connection,  to  allude  to  some  recent  work 
done  in  continuation  of  the  investigations  begun  in  L902  upon  the 
grapevine  rootworm  (Fidia  vitieida  Walsh).  This  insect  was  not 
nearly  so  abundant  in  the  Chautauqua  grape  region  during  the  season 
of  1904  as  it  was  the  preceding  year,  and  it  was  somewhat  difficult 
to  obtain  suitable  conditions  for  experimental  work.  A  badly 
infested  area  was  most  thoroughly  sprayed  June  30,  and  a  second 
time.  July  6,  with  arsenate  of  lead  at  the  rate  of  4  pounds  to  50 
gallons  of  water.  The  treated  section  was  the  subject  of  close  observa- 
tion, and  repeated  collections  with  a  hand  catcher  were  made  for  the 
purpose  of  determining  the  number  of  beetles  present  upon  the  vines. 
Collections  July  11  resulted  in  taking  from  5  to  39  from  single  vines, 
on  the  14th  from  1.5  to  46,  and  on  the  20th  from  5  to  1(.>.  Similar 
collections  on  an  adjacent  untreated  area  gave  on  the  11th  from 
18  to  77.  on  the  14th  from  34  to  60,  and  on  the  20th  from  9  to  1-1 
beetles  per  vine.  It  will  be  seen  that  there  were  more  beetles  upon 
the  unsprayed  than  upon  the  poisoned,  vines,  but  there  was  not  a  very 
marked  difference,  and  nearly  the  same  proportions  held  later  in  the 
case  of  egg  clusters  and  also  for  grubs.  We  are  inclined  to  believe 
that  the  spraying  reduced  the  numbers  of  the  pest  about  50  per  cent. 
Supplementary  indoor  experiments  showed  that  many  of  the  beetles 
taken  from  the  sprayed  vines  and  fed  foliage  from  the  same  appeared 
to  die  as  much  from  starvation  as  from  poisoning.  The  resistance  of 
this  creature  to  arsenical  poisons  i^  somewhat  remarkable.  There  is 
no  doubt  that  spraying  is  of  some  service  in  keeping  the  pest  in  check. 
though  it  i-  not  so  effective  as  one  could  wish. 

SOME  ECONOMIC  INSECTS  FOR  THE  YEAR  1904  IN  OHIO. 

By    A.    P.    BUBGESS,    Col innbils,    Ohio. 

The  colony  of  Asiatic  ladybirds  (Chilocorus  similis  Rossi),  which 
was  started  in  an  orchard  infested  with  San  Jose  scale  in  southern 


53 

Ohio,  survived  the  winter,  but  the  beetles  disappeared  early  in  the 
summer  and  none  have  been  found  since  that  time.  The  codling  moth 
{Cafcpocapsa  pomonella  Linn.)  has  not  been  as  destructive  this  year 
a>  usual,  the  spring  cankerworm  (Paleacrita  vernata  Peck)  <eems  to 
be  on  the  increase  in  many  sections,  and  the  tent  caterpillar  ( Mala- 
cosoma  americana  Fab.)  was  abundant  and  injurious  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  State. 

Early  in  May  a  report  was  received  from  Mr.  E.  E.  Richards,  who 
is  the  owner  of  a  large  orchard  in  Adams  County,  southern  Ohio,  that 
his  peach  trees  were  being  defoliated  by  insects.  An  investigation 
made  by  my  assistant,  Mr.  Swezey.  on  May  15,  showed  that  the  buds 
and  young  leaves  in  one  part  of  the  3-year-old  peach  orchard 
were  being  seriously  injured  by  the  red-legged  flea-beetle  (Crepi- 
dodera  rufipes  Linn.),  while  other  parts  of  the  orchard  were  not  at- 
tacked. Black-locust  thickets  are  very  common  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
orchard,  and  an  examination  showed  that  large  numbers  of  the 
beetles  were  present  in  them  and  were  feeding  on  the  young  leaves. 
From  the  foreman  of  the  farm  it  was  learned  that  during  March  a 
fire  ran  through  the  locust  thicket  nearest  the  peach  trees  that  were 
being  attacked,  and  it  was  found  that  the  leaves  had  not  begun  to 
reappear  on  the  trees  in  the  burned  area.  This  evidently  accounts 
for  the  injury — the  beetles  feeding  on  the  peach,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
there  was  no  foilage  on  their  natural  food  plant.  Subsequent  exam- 
inations made  in  widely  separated  localities  in  the  State  have  shown 
that  the  beetles  were  present  in  greater  or  less  numbers.  They  have 
been  observed  feeding  on  hazel,  dogwood,  and  plum  sprouts  that  were 
growing  in  locust  thickets,  but  the  latter  foliage  was  most  seriously 
injured.  The  larval  and  pupal  stages  are  still  unknown,  but  there 
seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  insect  hibernates  at  or  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  from  which  the  beetles  emerge  early  in  the  spring. 
The  infested  trees  were  sprayed  with  disparene  late  in  April,  but.  as 
there  was  practically  no  foliage  to  hold  the  poison,  very  little  good 
resulted.  Later  in  the  season  the  beetles  disappeared  and  the  trees 
were  able  to  put  out  a  crop  of  leaves.  Outbreaks  of  this  insect  were 
reported  in  Virginia  and  Maryland  several  years  ago.  and  were  inves- 
tigated by  Mr.  E.  A.  Schwarz,  assistant  entomologist  of  the  Bureau 
of  Entomology.  His  report  was  published  in  Insect  Life  for  the 
year  1893.° 

In  June.  1904.  a  complaint  was  received  from  the  Steubenville 
Traction  and  Light  Company  that  some  of  their  electric  cars  were 
being  destroyed  by  insects.  An  investigation  by  Mr.  Swezey  showed 
that  four  cars  which  had  been  bought  in  1002  had  been  somewhat 

a  Vol.  V,  pp.  334-342. 


54 

injured  by  the  powder  posl  beetle  (Lyctus  striatus  Mels.).°  White 
ash  panels  and  trimmings  were  infested  and  quite  a  number  of  small 
hole-  were  visible.  On  removing  a  section  of  the  wood,  both  beetles 
and  larva'  were  found.  Cars  constructed  with  the  same  kind  of  wood 
and  received  from  other  companies  showed  no  signs  of  injury  by  this 
insect.  The  infested  parts  had  been  treated  with  creosote  and  corro- 
sive sublimate,  but  without  beneficial  results.  Evidently  the  cars 
were  Infested  when  purchased,  and  the  only  remedy  seemed  to  be  to 
replace  the  Infested  parts  with  new  wood. 

At  the  request  of  .Mr.  C.  L.  Marlatt.  assistant  entomologist  of  the 
Bureau  of  Entomology,  an  investigation  was  made  to  determine 
whether  the  record  of  Dr.  (J.  B.  Smith,  indicating  that  Brood  XII 
of  the  seventeen-year  Locust  (Tibicen  septendedm  Linn.)  would  ap- 
pear in  Vinton  County,  Ohio,  in  l'.'O-k  was  correct.  Letters  request- 
illg  information  were  sent  to  the  crop  correspondents  of  that  county, 
and  my  assistant,  Mr.  E.  C.  Cotton,  interviewed  several  people  in 
each  township  and  made  examinations  early  in  June,  but  no  trace  of 
the  insect  could  be  found.  Larva1  were  found  by  one  man  several 
Feet  below  the  surface  of  the  around  while  stripping  a  coal  bank  on 
a  hillside,  but  they  were  only  partially  grown  and  evidently  belonged 
to  the  brood  due  to  appear  in  1914. 

An  examination  of  the  vineyards  along  Lake  Erie  made  during 
the  early  summer  showed  that  the  grapevine  rootworm  (Fidia  viticida 
Walsh  |  was  not  as  injurious  this  year  as  in  the  past.  This  was  found 
to  be  true  in  sprayed  as  well  as  unsprayed  vineyards,  and  also  where 
the  vines  had  been  totally  neglected.  Some  growers  are  of  the  opin- 
ion that  the  one  reason  for  the  small  number  of  beetles  present  is  that 
all  the  roots  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  have  been  destroyed. 
hence  the  larva*  on  hatching  have  nothing  to  feed  upon  and  die  before 
burrowing  a  sufficient  distance  to  reach  the  vigorous  roots.  As  the 
worst  infested  spots  are  found  where  the  soil  is  of  a  sandy  character, 
and  as  examinations  have  shown  that  considerable  digging  is  re- 
quired before  any  tender  roots  are  reached,  this  may  oiler  a  partial 
explanation  of  the  small  number  of  beetles  that  developed  this  year. 

The  grape  fruit-moth  (Polychrosis  viteana  Clem.)  continues  to 
do  considerable  damage,  especially  to  vineyards  that  are  not  sprayed 
with  poison  early  in  the  season. 

About  dune  1<)  Mr.  John  Maxwell,  of  Euclid,  noticed  that  some 
of  the  blossom  buds  on  his  vines  had  become  somewhat  enlarged  and 
were  turning  v^\:  also  that  on  opening  such  buds  several  white  or 
yellowish  larvae  were  found  within.     Other  growers  had  noticed  the 

"  Synonymous  with  I. actus  unipunctatus  m>st. — Ed. 


55 

same  thing  in  the  past,  but,  supposing  that  these  larva?  were  a  stage 
of  the  berry  moth,  had  taken  no  further  notice  of  them.  The  atten- 
tion of  Mr.  Swezey  was  called  to  the  matter  by  Mr.  Maxwell,  on 
June  20,  and  the  insects  proved  to  be  a  new  enemy  to  the  grape  and 
probably  one  hitherto  unknown  to  science.  As  affected  buds  are 
ruined  the  clusters  are  made  irregular,  and  as  one-fifth  of  the  buds 
were  found  infested  in  some  cases  it  resulted  in  considerable  loss. 
Fifteen  larvae  have  been  found  in  a  single  bud  and  as  high  as  twenty- 
five  infested  buds  have  been  found  in  a  cluster.  The  larvae  undoubt- 
edly complete  their  transformations  in  the  ground,  which  makes  it 
very  difficult  to  trace  their  complete  life  history,  but  from  their 
structure  it  is  evident  that  they  belong  to  the  dipterous  family  Cecido- 
myiidae,  and  are  closely  related  to  the  Hessian  fly.  Later  it  was 
learned  that  this  insect  had  been  found  also  in  the  Chautauqua  grape 
belt  in  Xew  York  on  June  12,  1904,  by  Mr.  Fred  Johnson,  who  was 
working  on  grape  pests  with  Prof.  M.'V.  Slingerland.  I  am  in- 
formed also  by  Dr.  E.  P.  Felt  that  he  has  found  it  in  Xew  York 
vineyards  this  year. 

An  outbreak  of  the  elm  leaf -beetle  (Gdl-eruceUa  luteoJa  Mull.)  was 
discovered  by  Mr.  George  A.  Runner  at  Dayton,  late  in  August. 
European  elms  were  badly  infested,  and,  in  some  parts  of  the  city. 
American  elms  were  being  defoliated.  It  was  impossible  to  deter- 
mine how  long  the  insect  had  been  present,  but  a  subsequent  examina- 
tion showed  that  it  was  attacking  elms  in  many  different  sections  of 
the  city.  This  is  the  first  record  of  its  occurrence  in  Ohio,  and  careful 
search  in  other  cities  in  the  State  has  failed  to  reveal  its  presence. 

The  Hessian  fly  (Mayetiola  [Cecidomyia~\  destructor  Say)  has  made 
its  appearance  in  the  wheat  fields  this  fall,  and  according  to  some  of 
the  crop  correspondents  is  more  abundant  than  usual.  The  present 
prospect  is  that  considerable  damage  will  result  to  the  next  wheat 
crop. 


INJURIOUS  INSECTS  IN  MINNESOTA  IN  1904. 
By  F.  L.  Washburn.  Sf*.  Anthony  Park,  Minn. 

AYhile  the  year  has  been  uneventful  as  regards  insect  outbreaks 
in  the  usual  looked-for  directions,  it  has  nevertheless  contained  some 
surprises.  There  has  been  practically  no  trouble  from  the  Hessian 
fly  (Mayetiola  [Cecido?ni/ia]  destructor  Say)  in  any  part  of  the  State, 
as  far  as  the  entomologist  can  learn,  the  preceding  year,  1003.  wit- 
nessing the  culmination  of  its  increase.  "We  have  every  reason  to 
believe  that  it  will  gradual!}'  grow  more  abundant  in  the  next  few 


56 

years,  weather  conditions  being  favorable.  Owing  to  its  very  general 
absence  in  Localities  formerly  infested  we  have  been  unable,  as  we 
did  last  vein-,  to  secure  puparia  (flaxseeds)  in  volunteer  wheat,  show- 
ing the  occurrence  of  an  extra  brood  in  this  State.  Two  lots  of  vol- 
unteer wheal  plants,  from  8  to  LO  inches  high,  were  sent  us  in  Novem- 
ber, <»ne  lot  from  Marshal]  County  and  one  from  Big  Stone  County, 
in  both  of  which  counties  the  fly  was  thought  to  be  present.  Several 
hundred  of  these  plants  were  carefully  examined,  but  contrary  to  last 
year's  experience  we  found  no  puparia.0 

My  attention  has  not  been  called  directly  to  the  presence  of  the 
frit-fly  (Osclnis  soi-or  Macq.)  of  the  wheat-stem  maggot  (Meromyza 
americana  Fitch)  although,  from  reports  of  certain  ill-defined  injury 
to  wheat  from  time  to  time,  we  have  good  reason  to  suspect  that  both 
of  these  are  in  Minnesota  at  present.  Professor  Lugger  reported  the 
frit-fly  as  injurious  in  1  *<):'>  and  1896. 

Chinch  bugs  (Blissus  leucopterus  Say)  have  been  conspicuous  for 
their  absence  during  the  year,  no  injury  whatever  being  reported  in 
any  county.  During  the  wet  weather  of  last  fall  I  found  a  Large 
number  of  dead  and  dying  chinch  bugs  on  the  station  grounds, 
evidently  killed  by  a  fungous  growth.  This  condittion,  prevailing  in 
most  of  the  chinch-bug  areas,  is  possibly,  in  part,  the  reason  why  Ave 
have  been  free  the  past  season. 

The  Mediterranean  flour  moth  (Ephestia  Jcuehniella  Zell.),  un- 
doubtedly present  and  increasing  in  numbers  for  the  past  several 
years  in  Minnesota,  has  this  year  made  its  presence  so  conspicuous 
in  certain  mills  as  to  call  for  some  special  work  on  the  part  of  the 
Entomologist,  and  the  publication  of  a  special  report  on  the  subject 
for  the  benefit  of  the  four  hundred  or  more  flour  mills  in  Minnesota. 

The  Leaf-hopper  {Empoasca  mail  LeB.)  is  becoming  more  and  more 
evident  in  nurseries,  and  causing  losses  annually.  We  have  done 
some  special  work  against  this  pest  this  season,  an  account  of  which 
forms  the  subject  of  a  previous  paper.  The  work  is  purely  prelimi- 
nary, but  may  prove  interesting  as  illustrating  what  may  be  done 
w  ith  certain  field  apparatus. 

The  plum  curculio  (Conotrachelus  nenuphar  Hbst.)  is  proving 
itself  almost  as  great  a  foe  to  apples  in  Minnesota  as  it  is  to  plums, 
and  is  as  much  of  a  pest  in  this  particular  as  is  the  codling  moth. 

We  have  been  startled  by  finding  the  imported  willow  curculio 
(Cryptorhynchus  lapathi  Linn.)  in  poplars  shipped  from  New  York 
State    with    the    inspector's   certificate    to    nurserymen    in    Minnesota, 

"  Since  ill'1  above  paper  was  delivered  it  has  been  stated  t<-  me  by  ;i  carefully 
observant  entomologist  in  this  State  thai  be  found  :i  number  of  puparia  of 
Hessian  My  in  volunteer  barley  plants  on  Thanksgiving  Day,  L904. — F.  L.  \V. 


57 

and  then  forwarded  to  parties  in  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of 
North  Dakota.  Twenty-five  poplar  trees  were  killed  in  one  locality 
by  these  borers,  and  I  have  no  doubt,  although  I  can  not  obtain 
absolutely  accurate  information,  that  some  of  the  shipment  was 
distributed  within  our  own  State  boundary.  The  nurseryman  im- 
porting this  stock,  of  course,  was  in  no  way  to  blame  in  helping  on 
the  westward  progress  of  this  unwelcome  immigrant,  since  the  cer- 
tificate of  the  inspector  was  supposed  to  be  an  absolute  guaranty 
that  the  stock  was  all  right.  In  complaining  of  this  to  the  Xew  York 
commissioner  of  agriculture  I  Avas  met  with  the  statement  that,  while 
it  seems  impossible  to  eradicate  this  beetle  in  Xew  York  State, 
measures  can  and  will  be  taken  to  prevent  infested  stock  from  being 
sent  to  other  States.  Our  nurseries  in  Minnesota  have  been  carefully 
inspected  and  found  to  be  practically  free  from  insect  or  fungous 
pests.  It  should  be  said  in  this  connection,  however,  that  inspection 
is  not  compulsory  for  all  nurseries,  and  not  more  than  two-thirds 
desire  it,  namely,  those  who  ship  to  other  States,  and  others  who  do 
not  export,  yet  value  the,  entomologist's  certificate  as  an  advertise- 
ment of  clean  stock.  Occasional  occurrences  of  woolly  aphis  in 
limited  numbers  are  the  only  especially  undesirable  features  dis- 
covered in  connection  with  nursery  stock. 

Our  shade  trees,  the  soft  maple  and  the  elm.  have  been  alarmingly 
affected  with  the  cottony  maple  scale  (Pulvinaria  inniimerabilis 
Rathv.)  in  many  of  our  towns  and  cities,  as  well  as  in  those  of  some 
of  the  neighboring  States.  It  has  been  present  in  such  large  numbers 
as  to  check  the  growth  of  maple  trees  and  weaken  their  vitality. 

Our  attention  has  been  called  particularly  to  cecidomyiid  gall- 
makers  on  the  box  elder,  the  soft  maple,  and  a  locust,  the  variety  of 
which  could  not  be  given  me.  Specialists  in  this  group  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  identified  specimens  mailed  them  as  evidently  C.  negundis 
(nil..  C.  aceris  Shinier,  and  C.  robinicB  Hald.,  respectively.  From 
C.  aceris  we  reared  two  parasites,  Tetrastichus  sp.  and  Meraporus  sp. ; 
from  C.  robinia  we  reared  a  pteromaline,  which  Doctor  Ashmead 
pronounces  an  apparently  undescribed  genus. 

A  species  of  Lecanium  has  occurred  for  several  years  on  the  coni- 
fers in  the  experiment  station  forest,  and  this  year  has  been  particu- 
larly troublesome  on  Scotch  and  jack  pines.  It  evidently  can 
be  controlled  by  spraying  with  kero-water  or  kerosene  emulsion. 
After  one  or  two  insecticide  applications  we  found  a  coccinellid 
(Hyperaspis  sp.)  in  such  large  numbers,  both  larva'  and  imagoes, 
that  we  deemed  it  wise  to  leave  the  question  of  the  k*  survival  of  the 
fittest  "  to  it  and  the  scale  upon  which  it  fed. 


58 

INSECTS  OF  THE  YEAR  IN  COLORADO. 
By  C.  P.  Gillette,  Fort  ('oil his,  Colo. 

ORCHARD    ENEMIES. 

THE    toni.l  \"<;    MOTH. 

(Caipocapsa  pomonella  Linn.) 

Our  experiments  and  studies  with  this  insect  for  the  past  two  years 
have  been  chiefly  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  comparative 
values  of  early  and  late  spraying,  the  number  of  times  that  it  is 
advisable  to  spray,  and  the  best  poison  to  use.  Besides  conducting 
experiments  in  orchards  near  Fort  Collins,  the  writer  has  visited 
many  orchards  in  the  different  apple-growing  sections  of  the  State 
and  has  made  counts  of  many  thousands  of  apples  in  orchard-  -prayed 
in  different  ways  to  determine  percentages  of  wormy  fruit.  I  have 
found  no  reason  to  change  the  advice  already  given  out  to  the 
orchardists  of  the  State,  namely,  to  spray  first  as  soon  as  the  petals 
are  fairly  well  off,  to  repeat  the  spray  in  one  week,  and  then  make  a 
third  spraying  about  the  4th  of  July.  If  the  first  and  second  spray- 
ings are  thorough  the  third  will  hardly  be  needed.  The  first  spray- 
ing, if  thoroughly  done  at  the  right  time,  seems  to  be  worth  more 
than  all  the  applications  that  are  made  afterward. 

An  examination  of  the  fruit  in  October  in  many  orchards  that 
were  sprayed  two  or  three  times,  as  above  directed,  indicated  that 
less  than  5  per  cent  of  the  fruit  in  such  orchards  was  wormy  at  that 
date.  I  n^prayed  orchards  near  by  would  have  from  50  to  95  per 
cent  wormy. 

Arsenate  of  lead  has  been  used  quite  extensively  in  Colorado  the 
past  season  and  with  splendid  results.  Almost  without  exception, 
those  who  used  this  poison  the  past  summer  say  they  will  continue  to 
use  it  even  if  it  is  more  expensive.  Many  orchardists  have  told  me 
that  they  no  longer  fear  any  serious  losses  from  the  codling  moth. 

PLANT-LICK. 

There  are  a  few  plant-lice  that  are  serious  orchard  pests  in  Colo- 
rado every  year.  The  woolly  apple  aphis  (Schizoneura  lanigera 
Hausm.)  is  one  of  these.  At  the  present  time  almost  as  much  com- 
plaint is  made  of  it  as  of  the  codling  moth.    Treatment  by  orchardists 

seems  seldom  to  be  satisfactory.  Many  who  use  tobacco  about  the 
roots  of  the  trees  think  they  do  not  get  good  results.  I  should  like 
\<T\  much  to  hear  of  the  experiences  of  the  members  of  this  society 
in  lighting  this  insect  both  on  the  roots  and  the  branches  of  the  trees. 

What  have  you  found  to  be  the  best  treatment  \ 

The  black  cherry  aphis  (Myzus  cerasi  Fab.)  and  the  green  plum 
aphis  (Aphis  prunifolia   Fitch)  are  much  complained  of  nearly  every 


59 

year;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  green  apple  aphis  (Aphis  pomi 
De  G.),  which  is  sometimes  so  abundant  as  to  kill  young  trees.  Mr. 
H.  E.  Mathews,  horticultural  inspector  for  Delta  County,  considers 
these  lice  as  the  most  serious  pests  to  fruit  in  his  section,  and  Mr. 
Thurston  White,  horticultural  inspector  for  Fremont  County,  says 
the  black  peach  aphis  (Aphis  persicce-niger  Sm.)  is  one  of  the  most 
serious  insect  enemies  he  has  to  deal  with. 

Gooseberries  and  currants  suffered  quite  severely  in  the  northern 
portion  of  the  State  the  past  summer  from  the  attacks  of  the  goose- 
berry fruit-fly  ( Epoch ra  canadensis  Loew)  and  from  a  fruit-worm 
closely  allied  to  Zophodia  grossular'uc  Riley,  but  apparently  different 
from  that  species. 

Aulacaspis  rosa?  Bouche  'was  taken  for  the  first  time  in  Colorado 
last  October  upon  blackberry  canes,  where  it  seems  to  have  been 
fairly  common. 

The  cherry  scale  (Aspidiotns  forbesi  Johns.)  was  reported  to  me 
by  Professor  Cockerell,  who  took  examples  near  Colorado  Springs.  I 
believe  this  scale  has  not  been  taken  before  in  Colorado. 

The  San  Jose  scale  (Aspidiotus  perniciosus  Comst.)  is  still  un- 
known in  the  State.  The  scale  that  gives  most  promise  of  being 
a  serious  orchard  pest  is  Aspidiotus  howardi  Ckll.  It  is  partial  to 
pears  and  plums  and  attacks  the  fruit  badly,  but  does  not  produce 
the  red  discoloration  that  is  so  characteristic  of  perniciosus. 

SHADE-TREE    PESTS. 

The  cottony  maple-scale  (Pulvinaria  inn  umerabilis  Rathv.)  is  prob- 
ably our  worst  shade-tree  pest  and  is  about  equally  bad  each  year, 
but  Mr.  S.  Arthur  Johnson  has  a  paper  upon  this  insect,  and  I  will 
not  say  more  about  it. 

The  so-called  oak  borer  (Prionoxystus  robinia?  Peck)  is  a  serious 
enemy  to  our  poplar  and  cottonwood  trees  and  is  especially  destructive 
to  Balm  of  Gilead.  A  phytoptus  mite  (Eriophyes  populi  Xal.a) 
greatly  disfigures  our  poplars  and  cottonwoods  by  the  production  of 
irregular  knot-like  swelling  upon  twigs  and  smaller  limbs,  par- 
ticularly about  the  buds. 

ENEMIES    TO    GARDEX    VEGETABLES. 

A  radish  maggot  that  I  have  taken  to  be  Anthomyia  radicum,  but 
which  does  not  seem  to  the  writer  to  answer  very  well  to  Doctor 
Riley's  description  of  this  species,  has  been  troublesome  in  radishes 
in  Colorado  for  a  few  years  past  and  seems  to  be  on  the  increase. 
There  were  at  least  two  broods  of  the  flies  at  Fort  Collins  the  past 

a  Determined  by  Mr.  Nathan  Banks,  through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard. 


60 

summer.  The  maggots  commonly  enter  at  the  center  of  the  crown  of 
the  radish  and,  after  burrowing  about  until  full-fed,  make  their  exits 
;it  the  side.  The  accompanying  illustrations  (figs.  4  and  5),  by  Mi- 
Miriam  Palmer,  show  the  injuries  of  the  maggot  to  a  radish  in  cm- 
and  vert ical  sections. 

The  destructive  pea  aphis  (Nectarophora  pisi  Kalt.)  was  sent  me 
Last  fall  by  Mr.  J.  II.  Empson,  of  the  Empson  Packing  Company, 
Longmont,  Colo.  The  lice  were  noticed  in  a 
few  held-  only,  and  they  seemed  to  he  entirely 
destroyed  by  their  enemies  before  the  season 
closed.  It  i>  my  first  record  of  tin-  insect  in 
Colorado.  We  shall  doubtless  hear  more  from 
it  later. 

The  melon  aphis  {Aphis  gossypi'>  Glover)  is 
troublesome  every  year  in  the  melon-growing 
districts,  especially  about  Rockyford.  The 
grower>  are  fighting  the  louse  by  covering  the 
vines  with  dirt  as  soon  as  they  find  lice  upon 
them. 

ENEMIES   TO    FARM    CROPS. 


The  sugar-beet  webworm  (Loxostege  sticti- 
calls  Linn.)  has  been  a  very  abundant  moth  at 
electric  lights  in  northern  Colorado  for  years, 
but  this  year  was  the  first  that  it  has  done  ex- 
tensive injury  to  sugar  beets.  It  did  some  in- 
jury in  a  few  limited  localities  in  1903,  but  not 
enough  to  occasion  much 
alarm.  This  year  a  mid- 
summer brood,  the  first 
week  in  July,  did  consider- 
able injury  to  beets  about 
Rockyford,  and  a  later 
brood  was  more  destruc- 
tive about  Rockyford, 
Sugar  City,  and  Lamar 
from  the  10th  to  the  20th 
of  September.  The  first  brood  did  no  perceptible  harm  in  northern 
Colorado,  but  the  September  brood  caused  thousands  of  dollar-  of 
,i,  beet  fields  about  Fort  Collins,  Greeley,  and  Sterling.  Hun- 
dreds of  acres  of  beet-  during  September  had  all  their  leaves  eaten 
away  except  the  midrib-  and  a  little  cluster  of  new  leave-  at  the 
center.  Wherever  the  injuries  became  severe  the  larvae  matured 
rapidly.  A  farmer  might  think  his  beets  all  right  on  Monday,  and 
by  Wednesday  be  convinced  that  the  worms  would  take  the  entire 

crop.       Poisons  were  used  to  good  effect    upon   the  beet-,  hilt   the  great- 


FlG.  4.— Section  of  radish. 
showing     Injury     from 

mat,'.:;"!  of  Anthomyia  sp 
final  I. 


Fig.  5.— Cross-section  of 
radish.  Bhowing  injury 
from     Anthomyia     sp. 

(original'. 


61 

est  benefit  was  derived  from  great  flocks  of  blackbirds  that  congre- 
gated in  nearly  every  infested  field  and  ate  the  worms.  The  worms 
that  survived  burrowed  into  the  dirt  and  spun  silken  tubes  about  :1 
inches  in  length,  in  which  they  are  spending  the  winter  in  the  larval 
condition. 

Grasshoppers  are  always  abundant  enough  in  Colorado,  but  the 
past  summer  much  of  the  State  has  been  comparatively  free  from 
the  introduced  species  (Melanoplus  bivittatus  Say.  M.  differentialis 
Thos..  and  J/,  femvr-rvbrum  DeG. ).  which  are  the  cause  of  heaviest 
£  to  farm  crops.  A  native  specie.  A  ibrus  simplex  Hald.  com- 
monly called  "  Mormon  cricket  "  or  "  Idaho  cricket."  occurred  in 
unprecedented  numbers  in  portions  of  Routt  County.  Many  of  the 
ranchmen  became  alarmed  and  inquiries  were  sent  in  to  the  experi- 
ment station  to  know  what  could  be  done.  In  past  years  the  "  crick- 
et- "  have  remained  almost  entirely  upon  the  native  ranges,  where 
they  did  no  damage  to  cultivated  crops.'  For  a  series  of  years  the 
cricket  armies  have  been  increasing  in  numbers  and  have  marched 
steadily  eastward  until  this  year,  when  they  entered  cultivated 
regions  along  the  mountain  stream-  and  destroyed  crops  of  grain, 
potatoes,  and  hay.  as  well  as  everything  planted  in  gardens.  The 
infested  region,  which  i-  over  SO  miles  from  the  nearest  railroad, 
was  visited  by  both  Mr.  S.  A.  Johnson  and  the  writer,  and  much 
information  was  gathered  in  regard  to  the  habits  and  past  history 
of  this  interesting  migratory  grasshopper.  The  results  of  our  in- 
vestigations will  appear  later  in  an  experiment  station  bulletin. 

The  potato  flea-beetle  (Epitrix  cucumeris  Harr.)  was  unusually 
abundant  in  the  potato  fields  of  the  Greeley  district  the  past  summer, 
where  it  caused  many  thousand  dollars*  worth  of  loss  to  potato  grow- 
er-. A  prominent  potato  dealer  estimated  the  loss  at  fully  a  half 
million  dollars.  The  beetles  were  abundant  upon  the  tops,  but  did 
their  chief  harm  by  boring  into  the  tubers.  From  larvae  taken  in 
the  tubers  in  September,  pupae  and  adult-  were  obtained.  Press 
Bulletin  23  of  the  Colorado  Experiment  Station,  treating  of  this 
insect,  was  prepared  by  Mi*.  S.  A.  Johnson.  I  am  calling  this  insect 
the  potato  flea -beetle  because  it  is  always  found  congregating  upon 
potatoes  and  tomatoes,  and  seldom  occurs  upon  cucumber-  or  other 
cucurbitaceous  plants,  so  far  as  my  experience  goes. 

A  beet  leaf-miner,  probably  Pegomya  vidua  Lint.,  has  been  abun- 
dant enough  to  attract  considerable  attention  the  past  summer. 
particularly  in  the  northern  sugar-beet  fields  of  the  State.  The 
maggots  were  noticed  in  the  leaves  of  young  beet-  the  first  of  June, 
and  they  were  very  abundant  in  all  stages  during  the  last  half  of 
August.  The  white  eggs  are  deposited  singly  or  in  groups  of  two. 
three,  or  four  upon  the  under  side  of  the  leaves. 


62 


DISTRIBUTION    AND    MIGRATIONS    OF    THE    MORMON    CRICKET 
(ANABRUS  SIMPLEX  Hald.)  IN  COLORADO. 

By  s.  Arthur  Johnson.  Fori  Collins,  Colo. 

During  the  past  summer  there  was  a  serious  outbreak  of  the  Mor- 
mon cricket  in  Colorado.  The  writer  spent  about  two  weeks  in  the 
infested  part  of  the  State,  where  he  collected  many  data  and  made 
observations  on  the  life  history  of  this  insect.  It  has  been  thought 
best,  in  this  account,  to  give,  in  the  first  place,  a  brief  summary  of 
the  facts  obtained  in  each  locality;  second,  to  attempt  to  trace  the 
great  waves  of  migration;  and,  third,  to  give  a  summary  of  this 
information. 

Axiel,  a  town  in  I\outt  County.  Colo.,  just  north  and  east  of  the 
Danforth  Hills,  was  the  nearest  point  we  reached  to  what  appears 
to  be  the  established  home  of  Anabrns  simplex.  A  lady  living  on  a 
ranch  7  or  8  miles  east  of  Axiel  says  that  it  is  necessary  to  fight  the 
insects  almost  every  year.  The  armies  come  in  from  the  west  and 
travel  east  and  up  canyons.  The  migrations  appear  to  begin  soon 
after  the1  eggs  have  hatched  and  continue  until  v<ig  laying  begins 
again,  when  the  insects  locate  on  the  dry  hills  and  devote  their  ener- 
gies to  providing  for  their  offspring.  The  pest  is  kept  off  the  crops 
here  by  herding  or  driving  and  making  noises. 

At  Hamilton,  a  town  perhaps  20  miles  east  of  Axiel,  on  the  Wil- 
liams Fork  of  Bear  River,  the  migrations  are  less  frequent,  and  we 
were  able  to  obtain  definite  data  regarding  them.  The  first  observa- 
tion was  made  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Hamilton  and  occurred  in  1870.  Nothing 
more  was  seen  of  the  insects  until  1805,  when  a  second  migration  is 
recorded.  Again,  in  1000  and  1902,  hordes  of  the  insects  passed 
through.  Tn  these  visits  they  took  all  kinds  of  garden  and  field 
crops.  Climbing  the  trees,  they  collected  on  the  limbs  until  these 
bowed  with  the  weight  of  insect  life.  The  migration  from  here  in 
each  case  was  northeast.  A  glance  at  the  map  (fig.  6)  will  show  that 
the  direction  of  their  travel  took  them  immediately  into  the  Williams 
River  Mountains.  To  accomplish  this  they  were  obliged  to  cross 
the  Williams  Fork,  which  (lows  with  considerable  speed  at  this  place. 
Immense  numbers  were  drowned  in  the  attempt  and  floated  down  the 
stream.  In  one  case  they  came  in  contact  with  an  obstruction  and 
formed  a  temporary  dam  to  the  water.  According  to  the  observa- 
tions of  Mi-.  Hamilton,  the  insects  traveled  about  30  miles  in  two 
years.  In  each  case  when  a  brood  has  passed  through,  ega's  have 
been  laid  in  this  locality.  They  hatch  early  in  the  spring  as  soon 
a-  the  snows  melt  (  March  or  early  April ).  The  young  are  not  injured 
by  thf  rigors  of  the  season.     Frequently  they  are  frozen  still  during 


63 

the  night  and  thaw  out  next  day  to  renew  operations.  Sometimes 
they  are  buried  in  the  snow  and  remain  buried  without  apparent 
inconvenience  until  that  is  melted. 

Hayden  is  situated  on  the  Bear  River  north  of  the  Williams  River 
Mountains.  Two  visitations  are  recorded  at  this  place.  A  brood 
came  through  in  1882,  at  which  time  there  wore  but  few  settlers  in  the 
valley.  These  protected  their  crops  in  part  by  herding.  The  second 
invasion  was  during  the  present  year,  and  proved  to  be  much  more 
severe  than  the  first.  It  evidently  came  from  the  Williams  River 
Mountains  and  appeared  at  the  town  about  the  1st  of  June.  The 
insects  traveled  east  and  stopped  at  nothing  in  their  course.  In  the 
town  they  climbed  over  the  board  fences  and  houses  with  the  greatest 
ease.  They  entered  open  doors  and  made  themselves  at  home  by  the 
family  fireside.  On  reaching  a  ditch  they  leaped  in  and  many  were 
drowned.  The  dead  and  the  living  which  did  not  succeed  in  reaching 
the  opposite  bank  floated  on  the  water,  and,  lodging  against  a  dam, 
formed  a  pile  a  foot  deep,  30  feet  long,  and  -t  feet  wide.  The  brood 
proceeded  on  its  way  until  it  came  to  the  Bear  River,  where  it  was 
deflected  to  the  north,  and.  following  the  course  of  the  river,  came 
about  and  visited  the  people  of  Hayden  again  a  few  weeks  later. 
After  this  they  retired  to  the  dry  hills  3  or  -1  miles  south  of  town, 
where  they  were  to  be  found  at  the  time  of  our  visit  in  the  latter  part 
of  July  laying  eggs.  A  diligent  search  for  eggs  failed  to  disclose 
them  in  any  considerable  numbers. 

The  most  remarkable  record  was  made  at  Lay,  a  town  nearly  west 
of  Hayden  and  7  miles  north  of  the  Bear  River.  A  brood  passed 
through  here  in  1805.  It  came  from  the  southwest  and  went  to  the 
north.  It  was  not  a  very  large  one  and  was  neA^er  heard  from  after- 
ward. This  is  the  only  verified  instance  of  the  insect  having  crossed 
Bear  River.  The  swarm,  before  it  reached  the  river,  must  have  been 
enormous,  for  even  the  great  numbers  at  Hayden  this  year  faded  to 
effect  a  passage. 

A  glance  at  the  map  (fig.  6)  will  show  that  the  number  of  migrations 
recorded  and  the  directions  traveled  support  the  testimony  given  by 
different  individuals  that  Andbrus  simplex  is  permanently  located 
in  the  Danforth  Hills.  From  this  center  migrations  of  insects 
occur  nearly  every  year.  The  number  of  individuals  in  each  band 
varies  greatly  and  determines,  in  a  large  measure,  the  distance  from 
the  home  ground  that  it  will  ultimately  travel  before  becoming 
extinct. 

The  paths  of  three  great  migrations  are  fairly  well  made  out. 

A  band  passed  through  Hamilton  in  1870  and  proceeded  to  the 
"Williams  River  Mountains,  where  they  became  established.     Three 


CA 

years  later  they  appeared  at    Harden,  as  before  stated,  having  occu- 
pied this  time  in  traversing  a  distance  of  about  30  miles. 

The  second  migration  is  indicated  by  two  records  only — one  at 
Hamilton,  in  L895,  and  the  other  the  brood  which  crossed  the  Bear 
River  and  was  observed  at  Lav  the  same  year.  Judging  from  the 
Locations  where  these  records  were  made  and  the  unusual  circum- 
stances already  mentioned,  the  direction  of  travel  of  this  brood  was 
more  northerly  than  its  predecessor.  The  records  were  both  made  in 
the  same  year,  and  the  fate  of  the  brood  is  uncertain,  except  that  it 
may  have  become  established  in  the  Williams  River  Mountains.  It 
was  reported  to  us  last  summer  that  the  insects  have  been  there  for 


I'm;,  i;     Bfap  showing  territory  infested  by  Anabrus  simplex  in  Colorado  (original). 

the  past  ten  years,  which  would  agree  within  one  year  with  the  advent 
of  this  brood. 

In  the  third  great  wave  we  may  include  the  two  brood-  which 
passed  through  Hamilton  in  1900  and  1902,  respectively.  They  both 
passed  into  the  Williams  River  Mountain-  and  were  not  observed 
again,  SO  far  as  we  discovered,  until  the  unprecedented  migration  of 
the  past  summer. 

Some  point-  with  regard  to  this  migration  must  remain  in  doubt. 
Whether  it  was  the  result  of  the  accumulation  of  the  three  broods 
which  passed  through  Hamilton  in  1895,  1000.  and  1902,  respectively, 
or  two.  or  only  one  of  these,  IS  uncertain.  It  would  seem  as  though 
the  last  two.  at  least,  must  be  contributing  factors.  In  any  case  the 
individuals  of  these  previous  broods  succeeded  in  giving  rise  to  count- 
less number-  this  summer. 

All  of  this  year's  migrants  had  their  home  in  the  Williams  River 


67) 

Mountain-.  There  were  at  least  three  great  divisions  of  the  migrant-, 
hand  went  northeast  through  Hayden,  as  already  recorded.  A 
:.d  took  an  easterly  direction  and  proceeded  as  far  as  Eddy  and 
Dunkley,  a  branch  going  northeasterly  to  within  5  mile-  of  Steam- 
boat Springs.  A  third  division  reached  the  Williams  Fork  and  fol- 
lowed its  course  in  a  westerly  direction  as  far  as  Pagoda,  at  which 
place  they  were  within  12  miles  of  the  point  where  the  former  broods 
crossed  the  river  at  Hamilton. 

At  Pagoda  the  number  of  insects  was  enormous.  They  were  piled 
several  inches  deep  in  the  road.  The  cliffs  a  mile  away  were  seen, 
with  the  aid  of  the  tele-cope,  to  be  black  with  them.  They  fell  into 
the  ditches  until  the-e  were  almost  choked  with  the  dead.  Those  that 
-  ed  entered  the  oat-  and  alfalfa.  The  former  they  ate  to  the 
ground  and  stripped  the  latter  of  leave-  and  tender  -hoots,  leaving 
nothing  but  the  bare  .-tern-  standing  for  a  distance  of  30  or  40  feet  from 
the  margin.  The  coming  of  the  insects  was  announced  by  telephone 
from  5  miles  up  the  creek  one  week  before  they  reached  this  place, 
which  was  about  the  Fourth  of  July.  It  took  the  brood  two  week-  to 
pa—  a  given  point. 

At  the  time  of  our  visit,  August  9,  the  insects  had  retired  to  the 
hill-,  where  they  were  found  in  great  number-  in  the  act  of  egg-laying. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

To  recapitulate,  the  insects  are  permanently  located  in  the  Danforth 
Hill-.  From  this  place  immense  swarms  migrate  in  different  direc- 
tion- at  times.  The  immigration  i-  probably  caused  by  overproduc- 
tion of  the  species.  The  ultimate  destination  of  the  swarm  i>  deter- 
mined in  no  -mall  measure  by  the  number  composing  it.  If  a  -warm 
r-ucceed>  in  attaining  a  favorable  locality,  a  brood  may  be  produced 
which  will  cause  another  migration.  The  Williams  River  Mountains 
have  more  than  once  served  as  a  temporary  breeding  ground.  Each 
wave  i-  followed  by  the  enemies  of  the  insect.  These,  combined  with 
otherwise  unfavorable  conditions  of  the  new  country,  would  lead  to 
its  ultimate  destruction. 

The  inject  has  been  here  as  far  back  a-  our  knowledge  goes,  which 
is  not  very  far.  however.  The  ranchmen  live  far  apart  and  the  coun- 
try is  altogether  new.  The  advent  of  civilization  has  probably  had 
little  influence  on  the  destiny  of  the  insect  because  the  percentage  of 
land  under  cultivation  is  very  small  and  the  localities  where  there  are 
cultivated  fields  are  only  raided  during  the  migratory  stage  of  the 
insect's  life.  Its  normal  home  is  not  in  the  river  bottoms,  but  on  the 
dry  hills.  The  only  change  that  civilization  has  caused  there  i>  the 
substitution  of  the  stock  of  the  ranchman  for  the  droves  of  elk  and 

J"."24 — No.  52 — 05  m 5 


66 

deer,  and  the  herds  of  buffalo.  This  change  has  not,  perhaps,  greatly 
affected  the  insect's  food  supply. 

Migrations   will   occur   in   the   future   a>  they   have   in   the   past, 

hut  we  do  not  anticipate  that  the  insects  will  become  more  numerous, 
and  there  appears  to  he  little  danger  that  they  will  become  an  unbear- 
able pest  in  the  neai'  future. 

The  migration  of  Last  summer  was,  perhaps,  chiefly  due  to  the 
unusual  climatic  conditions  of  the  preceding  winter. 

MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES  FROM  TEXAS. 
By  A.  i\  Conbadi,  College  Station,  Tex. 

With  the  present  interest  aroused  in  entomological  work  in  Texas 
many  varied  problems  confront  the  entomologist.  No  attempt  will 
be  made  here  to  review  the  work  for  the  year,  as  it  will  be  elaborately 
discussed  elsewhere  in  a  short  time. 

ruder  date  of  November  20,  Epicauta  pennsylvanica  DeG.  was 
reported  to  injure  onions  in  southern  Texas  by  eating  oil'  the  tops 
Dear  the  ground.  The  injuries  this  season  were  not  serious,  on 
account  of  the  small  numbers  of  the  insect,  but  they  give  ground  for 
apprehension  in  case  the  pest  be  numerous  another  year. 

Oncideres  cingulata  *><\x  has  attracted  considerable  attention,  es- 
pecially during  November.  Its  work  is  well  known,  although  its 
life  history  has  not  been  worked  out  in  Texas.  Near  Independence 
it  attacked  pear  and  rose,  doing  serious  damage.  Experiments 
with  trap  lights  were  made  here  with  apparently  good  results,  for 
many  beetle-  were  thus  captured.  In  this  locality  it  injured  apple., 
peach,  and  persimmon.  Near  Manor  it  injured  rosebushes,  -alt  cedar, 
hackberry,  elm,  pecan,  and  cotton.  Near  Bellville  the  pear  was  the 
chief  object  of  attack.  Picking  the  fallen  limbs  was  a  remedy  used 
tin-  season. 

The  San  Jose  scale  (Aspidiotus  pemiciosw  Comst.)  is  at  present 
definitely  known  in  eight  different  localities  in  Texas,  representing 
almost  every  section  of  the  well-settled  portions  of  the  State.  'With 
the  rapid  growth  of  the  State  in  fruit  growing  and  with  no  inspec- 
tion laws,  it  will  be  but  a  short  time  before  this  will  become  one  of 
the  most  important  of  it-  many  insect  problems. 

The  sweet-potato  weevil  (Cylas  formicarius  Fab.)  is  seriously 
threatening  the  sweet-potato  industry  in  several  localities.  It  was 
first  reported  in  Texas  in  October.  L890, by  T.  II.  Edwrards,  Bay  View, 
1  [arris  ( Jounty.  The  same  year  the  sweet-potato  crops  around  Buras, 
La.,  were  reported  a  failure,  owing  to  this  insect.  At  this  writing, 
it  is  known  in  this  State  from  Bee  ('axe-.  Ilankamer.  Pasadena.  Cedar 


Valley.  Bay  City,  Port  Lavaca,  Austin,  and  Hamshire,  and  it  prob- 
ably occur-  at  Martin.  Xo  doubt  other  localities  which  have  not  yet 
come  to  our  notice  are  infested. 

The  females  lay  their  eggs  on  the  lower  part  of  the  -talk  in  cavi- 
ties previously  made  while  feeding.  They  also  oviposit  on  the 
tubers  in  the  same  manner,  in  shallow-planted  potatoes  or  where 
the  tubers  are  easily  accessible.  The  number  of  eggs  that  one  weevil 
is  capable  of  laying  could  not  be  ascertained  the  past  season,  but  in 
the  insectary  the  number  was  very  small,  which  accounted  for  the 
slow  increase  of  the  pest.  The  first  mating  at  College  Station  was 
May  2.  On  May  0  mating  pairs  were  common,  but  the  first  eggs 
were  found  May  20.  The  average  time  to  the  hatching  of  these  eggs 
was  twelve  days.  The  life  cycle  from  mating  to  adult  i>  forty-nine 
days,  allowing  fourteen  days  from  time  of  mating  to  egg-laying, 
twelve  days  for  eci>;°>  to  hatch,  sixteen  day-  for  larvae  to  develop,  and 
seven  days  for  the  pupae.  The  time  from  emergence  to  mating  varies 
from  a  few  minutes  to  several  days.  Experiments  made  in  breeding 
the  insects  on  potatoes  that  had  not  yet  the  tubers  formed  were  suc- 
cessful. The  young  larva4  first  bored  down  in  the  stem,  then  up- 
ward, in  most  case-  the  pupae  being  found  several  inches  above  the 
ground  in  the  center  of  the  stalk.  On  May  20  the  first  eggs  were 
found  in  the  insectary.  On  December  7  of  the  preceding  year  speci- 
mens of  tubers  sent  in  from  Port  Lavaca  had  all  larva'  half  grown. 
As  the  season  of  activity  is  longer  at  Port  Lavaca  than  at  College 
Station,  four  to  five  generations  would  have  ample  time  to  develop. 
Fumigation  in  the  bin  with  carbon  bisulphid  has  been  thus  far  the 
main  reliance.  At  College  Station  the  adults  fed  voraciously  on  all 
parts  of  the  growing  plants,  giving  the  plant  an  appearance  some- 
thing like  that  given  to  the  tomato  by  the  flea-beetle.  These  adults 
were  all  killed  with  Paris  gre^en  and  arsenate  of  lead  sprays,  the 
latter  insecticide  requiring  a  longer  time  than  the  former.  Tubers 
in  which  all  stages  of  the  insect  were  present  in  a  healthy  condition 
were  received  at  College  Station  at  different  time-  of  the  year.  In- 
fested sweet  potatoes  can  be  shipped  long  distances,  and  this  i-  an 
easy  way  of  disseminating  the  pest.  The  old  practice  of  allowing 
the  vines  ami  small  tubers  to  remain  in  the  held  i<  unfortunately 
still  in  vogue  in  many  localities.  Some  growers  follow  the  advice 
given  and  destroy  the  remains  of  the  crops  after  harvesting.  They 
feed  the  small  tubers  to  cattle,  holding  that  hog-  refuse  to  eat  them. 

Although  the  adult  insects  have  wings,  their  chief  mode  of  migra- 
tion is  on  foot.  This  accounts  for  the  relief  obtained  by  planting 
carefully  selected  seed  remote  from  the  infested  territory.  It  i> 
important   that  good   seed  be  .thoroughly   covered   with   earth   when 


68 

planted,  some  successful  growers  contending  thai  the  weevils  are 
more  injurious  to  shallow -planted  potatoes  on  cloddy  land  than  to 
deep-planted  potatoes  on  sandy  land.  A  note  under  date  of  August 
1  gives  one  infested  hill  among  twentv-five,  the  infested  tubers  being 
nn  curly  variety  and  projecting  from  the  seed  bed. 

During  the  winter  careful  observations  were  made  on  the  mos- 
quitoes infesting  College  Station  and  vicinity,  especially  from  a 
sanitary  standpoint.  These  investigations  were  stimulated  two  years 
ago  when  yellow  fever  appeared  at  San  Antonio  and  seemed  to  he 
spreading  northward.  The  country  about  College  Station  i-  low  and 
level,  the  soil  of  a  loamy  nature,  underlaid  at  from  6  to  10  inches  with 
a  tough  hard  clay.  The  streams  arc  so  rapid  that  they  will  hold 
water  hut  a  short  lime  after  a  rain.  It  i-.  therefore,  the  common  prac- 
tice to  put  dams  across  the  gullies  and  collect  the  water  during  a  rain- 
fall. Such  tanks  will  rarely  dry  out  during  the  summer.  Itwas  found 
that  no  mosquitoes  bred  in  Mich  waters  on  account  of  the  number  of 
minnows  present  inall  cases.  The  main  breed  inn-  place  near  thecollege 
was  at  the  mouth  of  the  sewer  where  it  empties  into  the  brook.  Here 
mosquito  larvae  were  so  numerous  that  they  formed  a  -olid  -cum  on 
the  water.  On  account  of  the  annoyance  due  to  mosquitoes  during  the 
early  spring  month-,  making  life  on  the  campus  almost  unbearable, 
relief  was  sought  by  treating  the  cisterns  and  the  sewer.  Some  relief 
followed,  but  it  was  discovered  'hat  the  mosquito  supply  came  from 
another  source.  Each  uegro  hut  scattered  over  the  country  has  a 
rain  barrel  or  a  water  tub  at  one  or  two  corners,  and  here  the  mos- 
quitoes bred  undisturbed  through  the  greater  part  of  the  season,  the 
prevailing  south  wind  carrying  them  for  over  a  mile. 

The  only  mosquitoes  at  College  Station  are  species  of  Culex,  no 
Stegomyia  having  been  found.  A  few  specimens  of  Anopheles,  blown 
in  by  a  mild  east  wind  from  a  pond  in  the  valley  of  Carter  Creek, 
were  taken  during  July.  This  is  the  only  breeding  ground  of  Ano- 
pheles close  to  College  Station,  but  the  supply  is  blown  northward  by 
the  prevailing  winds.  Although  mosquitoes  breed  there  all  winter 
and  maintain  a  high  percentage  of  malaria  cases  in  the  neighborhood 
during  the  summer,  they  do  not  affect  the  college,  since  nearly  all 
wind-  from  that  direction  are  "  northers. "  which  rarely  carry  mos- 
quitoes. The  only  other  breeding  place  of  Anopheles  of  any  import- 
ance is  17  miles  southwest  across  the  Brazos  River.  Although  the  mos- 
nuitoes  keep  malaria  alive  in  that  locality  they  do  not  affect  the  college. 
The  few  cases  of  malaria  that  appeared  at  College  Station  originated 
in  other  localities,  and  such  cases  were  not  a  menace  to  the  community, 
as  there  was  no  agency  for  carrying  the  disease. 


69 

INSECTS  OF  THE  YEAR  1904  IN  GEORGIA. 
By  Wilmon  Newell  and  Ii.  T.  Smith.  A  tin// hi.  (hi. 

Continued  experiments  with  the  San  -Jose  scale  have  demonstrated 
that  a  lime-sulphur  wash  of  '21  pounds  of  lime  and  13  pounds  of  sul- 
phur in  50  gallons  of  water  is  fully  as  effectual  as  washes  containing 
larger  amounts  of  lime  and  sulphur,  and  also  that  the  addition  of 
salt  to  this  wash  is  unnecessary,  so  far  a-  tin1  scale  is  concerned.  By 
first  mixing  the  sulphur  with  boiling  water  and  then  adding  the 
unslaked  lime  the  boiling  can  be  completed  in  from  thirty  to  fifty 
minute's  in  an  iron  kettle  over  a  fire  and  in  from  twenty  to  thirty 
minutes  where  a  full  head  of  >team  is  available  for  boiling.  Washes 
prepared  in  this  way  have  given  fully  as  good  results  as  the  stronger 
washes,  boiled  for  a  much  longer  time,  which  were  formerly  recom- 
mended. The  lime-sulphur-caustic-soda,  wash  has  also  given  good 
results  when  properly  prepared.  For  successful  preparation  of  this 
wash  we  have  found  that  it  is  necessary  to  first  mix  the  sulphur  with 
boiling-hot  water  and  then  to  add  slowly  the  caustic  soda  until  all 
the  sulphur  is  dissolved  and  a  perfectly  clear  liquid  obtained.  By 
adding  the  stone  lime  to  this  clear  liquid  and  allowing  it  to  slake,  a 
preparation  is  secured  which  is  in  no  way  distinguishable  from  the 
regular  lime-sulphur  wash.  The  effects  of  this  wash  upon  the  scale 
have  not  thus  far  been  quite  as  satisfactory  as  tho>e  of  the  regular 
boiled  wash.  Experiments  with  caustic  soda  solution  alone,  which 
substance  was  highly  indorsed  by  many  agricultural  papers  during 
last  winter,  have  demonstrated  its  utter  worthlessness  as  a  remedy  for 
this  pest. 

The  Asiatic  ladybird  (Chilocorus  similis  Rossi),  which  in  1903 
gave  promise  of  becoming  abundant,  has  proved  something  of  a  dis- 
appointment. In  the  majority  of  the  orchards  where  this  species 
was  colonized  but  few  individuals  could  be  found  during  the  past 
season.  In  the  case  of  an  orchard  at  Marshallville,  where  literally 
thousands  of  the  beetles  occurred  in  the  summer  and  fall  of  1003.  no 
specimens  were  found  during  1904.  In  a  near-by  plum  orchard, 
however,  a  few  individuals  survived  the  winter,  and  during  early 
summer  and  midsummer  they  fed  readily  upon  Pulvinaria  amyg- 
dali  Ckll.,  which  species  was  fairly  abundant  in  the  orchard  in  ques- 
tion. Their  beneficial  work  in  keeping  the  latter  >pecies  in  check  is 
much  more  marked  than  in  the  case  of  the  San  Jose  scale,  owin£  to 
the  slower  rate  of  breeding  of  the  Pulvinaria. 

The  plum  curculio  (Conotrachelus  nenuphar  Ilbst.)  has  proven 
very  injurious  in  the  peach  orchards  in  southern  and  middle  Georgia, 
in  some  cases  from  15  to  '20  per  cent  of  the  crop  being  rendered  un- 
marketable. 


70 

Among  the  unusual  insects  attacking  the  peach  during  the  year  may 
be  mentioned  Oolaspis  favosa  Say.  which  defoliated  peach  trees  in 
one  locality  in  northern  Georgia.  Hippodamia  convergens  Guer. 
and  Diabrotica  12-punctata  Fab.  have  both  been  noticed  eating  the 
petals  of  peach  blossoms  and  also  eating  into  the  base  of  the  blooms. 
Apparently  nothing  but  the  relative  scarcity  of  individuals  prevented 
serious  damage  by  these  two  species.  Ithycerus  novebordcensis 
Forst.  did  considerable  injury  by  girdling  apple  twigs  in  Gilmer,  one 
of  the  mountain  counties. 

Throughout  the  apple-growing  section  of  northern  Georgia,  em- 
bracing practically  all  of  the  State  north  of  the  thirty-fourth  par- 
allel. Carpocapsa  /><ji,i<>nrll<i  Linn,  i-  universally  distributed.  The 
prevalence  of  this  insect  is  doubtless  largely  responsible  for  the  lack 
of  interest  taken  in  commercial  apple  culture,  and  but  few  growers 
have  taken  the  pains  to  systematically  combat  it. 

Balaninus  carya  Horn,  did  serious  damage  to  pecan  nuts  near 
Thomasville  during  L903.  While  also  doing  considerable  damage 
during  1901,  this  species  did  not  appear  to  be  nearly  so  abundant  as 
in  the  year  previous. 

In  a  number  of  localities  in  extreme  southern  Georgia  Hyphantria 
textor  Ilarr.  occurred  in  considerable  numbers  upon  pecan  tree-. 
From  the  summer  generation  of  larvae  adult  moths  were  reared 
August  31.  Sinoxylon  ]><ix'thir<  Say  ha-  been  found  working  in  the 
trunks  of  young  pecan  trees  in  southern  Georgia;  and  at  Vinings,  in 
northern  Georgia,  Ghrysochus  auratus  Fab.  did  much  damage  in  a 
-mall  pecan  grove  by  defoliating  the  tree-. 

During  the  latter  part  of  the  summer  Alabama  argillacea  llbn.  was 
generally  distributed  and  abundant  over  that  part  of  the  State  south 
of  the  thirty-second  parallel,  and  destroyed  practically  all  of  the  "  top 
crop"  of  cotton.  Upon  late  cotton  the  damage  from  this  insect  was 
very  pronounced.  The  Pari-  green  and  lime  mixture  wherever 
applied  effectually  checked  the  pest. 

Ueliothis  obsoleta  Fab.,  while  generally  distributed,  was  not  as 
destructive  a-  in  L903.  An  unusually  large  amount  of  injury  was 
done  by  this  species  very  early  in  the  season,  the  cotton  squares  in 
many  fields  being  liberally  punctured  during  June.  Only  three  or 
Pour  counties  suffered  excessively  from  this  insect  later  in  the  season. 

Chalcodermus  ceneus  Boh.  was  quite  destructive  to  young  cotton 
plant-  in  Randolph  and  Terrell  counties  during  May.  This  beetle 
makes  numerous  punctures  in  the  tender  bud-  and  leaf-stems  before 
the  cotton  i-  huge  enough  to  commence  squaring,  these  punctures 
causing  the  leaves,  and  frequently  the  entire  plant,  to  wilt  and  die. 
Upon  some  -mall  area-  fully  ~><>  per  cent  of  the  cotton  plants  Mere 
killed  and  an  average  damage  of  25  per  cent  occurred  in  a  few  fields. 
The  first  appearance  of  the  beetle  in  early  spring  is,  so  far  as  has 


been  observed,  always  upon  land  which  had  been  in  cowpeas  the  year 
previous.  A  rotation  in  which  cotton  doc-  not  follow  cowpeas  effec- 
tually disposes  of  the  trouble,  but  such  a  rotation  is  not  always  prac- 
ticable. In  the  laboratory  the  beetles  show  a  marked  preference  for 
cowpeas,  when  both  the  latter  and  young-  cotton  plants  are  growing 
side  by  side.  Trap  row-  of  cowpeas,  planted  between  cotton  rows 
Avhen  the  cotton  is  planted,  would  probably  serve  to  direct  the  attacks 
away  from  the  cotton  almost  entirely.  However,  a-  many  more 
cotton  plants  come  up  than  are  ultimately  utilized,  the  simplest  and 
cheapest  remedy  appears  to  be  the  delay  of  the  fir>t  "  chopping  "  as 
long  a-  possible,  or  until  the  extent  of  the  damage  can  be  approxi- 
mately forecasted.  The  first  chopping  can  also  be  made  light,  so  as 
to  leave  plenty  of  plants,  and  the  damage  by  the  insect-  will  then 
amount  to  hardly  more  than  a  severe  thinning.  TThen  the  time  for 
the  second  chopping  arrive-  the  period  of  maximum  injury  will  have 
passed  and  a  good  stand  can  be  secured.  Owing  to  the  relative 
abundance  of  this  species  in  the  localities  mentioned,  it  was  mistaken 
by  many  for  the  boll  weevil  and  caused  much  temporary  alarm. 

(  irpophilus  dimidiatus  Fab.  has  several  times  been  found  breed- 
ing abundantly  in  cotton  bolls  which  have  been  destroyed  by  the 
cotton  anthracnose.  Systena  blanda  Mel-,  developed  an  unusual 
appetite  for  young  cotton  plants,  and  during  May  did  severe  damage 
to  cotton  near  Jack-on.  Ga. 

A  somewhat  detailed  inquiry  among  the  wheat  growers  of  the  State 
has  revealed  that  in  previous  years  the  damage  by  Mayetiola  i  d  ci- 
domyia  \  destructor  Say  has  been  considerable.  In  the  case  of  Bartow 
County  alone,  which  normally  produces  more  wheat  than  any  other 
county  of  the  State,  the  damage  by  thi>  insect  in  1903  was  estimated  by 
many  prominent  planters  as  considerably  in  excess  of  20  per  cent  of 
the  crop.  This  was  equivalent  to  a  money  loss  of  practically  S19.000 
in  that  county  annually.  Examinations  in  Bartow  County  revealed 
the  eggs  of  the  spring  brood  in  abundance  on  April  1.  Observations 
were  made  from  time  to  time  during  the  summer,  and  it  can  now  be 
stated  with  certainty  that  in  this  the  southernmost  part  of  its  range 
in  the  United  States  the  Hessian  fly  is  not  more  than  two-brooded. 
Plans  were  made  for  extensive  experiments  in  sowing  wheat  in 
different  localities  and  at  different  altitudes  during  the  past  autumn 
in  order  to  determine  with  certainty  the  dates  of  egg  deposition. 
Owing  to  an  exceptional  and  prolonged  drought  during  August, 
September,  and  October,  early-sown  wheat  remained  in  the  ground 
without  germinating  until  about  November  5,  and  did  not  appear 
above  ground  until  after  the  periods  for  the  appearance  of  the  adult 
flies  had  passed.  The  only  puparia  that  can  be  found  at  present  are  in 
volunteer  wheat,  and  the  indications  are  that  during  1905  the  attacks 
of  the  insect  will  be  much  less  than  formerly.     The  advisability  of 


72 

further  decreasing  the  numbers  of  the  insect,  under  these  peculiar 
conditions,  by  destroying  as  much  of  the  volunteer  wheat  as  possible, 
lf-evident.  In  the  laboratory  Hies  emerged  between  October  18 
and  30  from  infested  stubble  collected  ;it  Halls,  Ga.  (approximately 
:.l  20'  north  latitude:  elevation  790  feet).  In  a  season  of  normal 
rainfall  we  anticipate  that  the  date  of  emergence  will  be  several 
days  earlier. 

Diatrcea  saccharalis  Fab.,  after  having  remained  in  tin4  background 
for  several  year-,  came  prominently  .to  the  front  near  Hawkinsville 
during  early  summer,  and  did  considerable  damage  to  corn  oxer  a 
small  area.  Ligyrus  rugiceps  Lee.  appeared  as  a  destructive  enemy 
to  corn  near  Canton,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

Cryptocephalus  obsoletus  Germ.,  known  locally  as  the  "Lincoln 
bug,"  has  become  a  rather  serious  pest  to  collards  in  middle  Georgia. 

Ajnong  the  interesting  cases  in  which  a  species  rapidly  disappears 
or  becomes  greatly  depleted  in  numbers  we  may  record  the  case  of 
Toumeyella  turgida  Ckll.,  which  in  1900  was  so  abundant  upon  Mag- 
nolia glauca  and  fuscata  at  Thomasville  as  to  thoroughly  incrust 
these  trees  and  kill  a  considerable  number  of  them.  During  L903 
and  L904  it  has  been  practically  impossible  to  find  even  isolated 
individuals  of  this  scale  in  that  locality.  So  far  as  known  to  the 
writer-  no  systematic  treatment  toward  eradicating  the  pest  has  been 
undertaken  and  parasitic  insects  were  not  noted  in  greater  numbers 
than  are  usually  found  upon  other  scale  insects. 

During  July  Dr.  John  B.  Smith,  who  was  paying  an  entomological 
visit  to  Georgia,  found  the  larva1  of  Ephestia  huehniella  /ell.  feed- 
ing in  cotton-seed  meal. 

Dynastes  tityus  Linn,  caused  considerable  annoyance  at  Washing- 
ton, ( ra.,  by  its  abundance  upon  ash  trees. 

During  late  summer  and  autumn  the  larva1  of  Anisota  scnatorid 
S.  £  A.  occurred  very  generally  upon  oak  throughout  the  northern 
pari  of  the  State.  While  the  damage,  both  in  cities  and  in  the  native 
forests,  was  not  excessive,  still  a  great  many  trees  were  partially  or 
totally  defoliated. 

Observations  made  upon  the  life  history  of  Melittia  satyviniformis 
Hiibn.  show  the  supposition  made  by  Professor  Quaintance  in  i 
that  this  insect  is  double-brooded  in  Georgia,0  to  be  correct.  In  cen- 
tral Georgia  the  second  brood  of  adults  emerged  between  July  1  and 
L5,  L904,  with  a  few  belated  individuals  coming  out  after  the  latter 
date.  Individual^  may  be  found  in  the  pupal  stage  during  a  period 
of  from  three  to  four  weeks. 

Omorgus  (Campoplex)  frumentarius  Rond.  has  been  reared  from 


.  Exp.  Sia.  Bui.   N«».  4."i. 


the  larvae  of  Ephestia  kuehniella  Zell.,   and  Phanerotoma   tibialis 

Hald.  from  pecan  nuts  badly  infested  with  Balaninus  carycB  Horn. 
To  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard  and  his  assistants  the  writers  are  indebted 

for  the  determination  of  a  considerable  number  of  the  species  above 
mentioned. 


Mr.  Slingerland  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  prepared  arsenate 
of  lead  in  wooden  bucket-  dried  and  caked  badly.  He  thought  it 
was  much  better  to  purchase  in  tin. 

Various  speakers  complained  of  its  eating  through  the  tin  and  con- 
sequently they  preferred  the  wood,  but  the  members  were  evidently 
divided  a>  to  which  was  better. 

Mr.  Quaintance  asked  what  the  effect  of  arsenate  of  lead  was  on 
peach  and  plum. 

Mr.  Smith  said  that  it  could  be  used  two  or  three  times  on  peach 
at  the  rate  of  1  pound  to  '2o  gallons  without  apparent  injury. 

Mr.  Slingerland  questioned  the  advisability  of  the  home-made 
arsenate  of  lead,  because  the  materials  were  often  adulterated. 
Messrs.  Burgess  and  Sanderson  both  believed  that  the  arsenate  of 
soda  was  often  adulterated  and  unreliable  in  strength.  Mr.  Fernald 
preferred  to  make  his  own.  but  felt  it  necessary  to  be  very  particular 
from  what  source  the  arsenate  of  soda  was  obtained. 

The  question  of  the  advisability  of  using  trade  names  in  publica- 
tion was  brought  up,  and  a  lively  discussion,  participated  in  by  almost 
all  of  the  members,  indicated  that  the  general  feeling  was  that  the 
exact  truth  should  be  told  about  materials  sold  under  trade  names, 
referring  to  them  by  these  names  in  the  publications.  In  some 
cases,  however,  this  was  impossible  on  account  of  the  official  censor- 
ship. Some  members,  however,  believed  that  trade  names  should  not 
be  used  m  publication. 

The  question  arose  as  to  whether  it  was  desirable  to  publish  the 
names  of  people  on  whose  property  experiments  are  made  or  whose 
premises  are  infested  with  certain  insects.  Mr.  Gillette  believed 
that  this  should  rest  in  each  case  with  the  party  concerned.  If  the 
owner  of  the  property  wished  his  name  mentioned,  this  should  be 
done,  but  otherwise  not.  Mr.  Burgess  agreed  with  this  view.  In 
Ohio  there  had  been  a  prejudice  against  firms  who  fumigated  their 
trees.  A  photograph  of  a  fumigating  house  of  one  nurseryman  was 
secured,  but  the  owner  was  consulted  as  to  whether  he  desired  to  have 
his  name  mentioned  before  any  steps  were  taken  concerning  its 
publication. 

Mr.  Slingerland  asked  if  entomologists  should  be  expected  to  test 
all  the  nostrums  that  are  put  on  the  market. 


74 

Mr.  Gillette  fell  it  a  duty  to  test  an  insecticide  whenever  he 
believed  that  it  was  liable  to  do  injury  to  the  people  of  his  own  State. 

Mr.  Burgess  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  we  often  knew,  before 
testing,  that  a  remedy  would  be  a  failure,  and  yet.  in  order  to  satisfy 
the  people  and  have  them  follow  our  recommendations,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  make  an  actual  test.  For  instance,  there  had  been  introduced 
a  panacea  for  pear  blight  and  peach  yellows,  which  was  to  be  used  by 
washing  the  outside  of  the  trees.  Although,  of  course,  this  could  not 
possibly  be  efficient,  it  was  necessary  actually  to  test  it. 

Mr.  Fernald  believed  that  the  testing  of  proprietary  insecticides 
was  a  matter  for  cooperation.  Each  -tat ion  can  not  analyze  all  of 
them,  yet  the  people  of  the  country  have  a  right  to  know  of  the 
existence  of  good  preparations.  He  believed  that  in  each  of  the  main 
divisions  of  the  country  one  station  might  assume  this  testing  for  a 
certain  period,  others  taking  it  up  afterwards  in  rotation.  Mr. 
Phillips  felt  that  this  should  be  done.  In  Virginia  it  appeared  to  be 
necessary  to  give  this  information  to  the  people  to  protect  them  from 
fraud,  but  it  was  impossible  to  test  everything.  Mr.  Quaintance 
called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  Association  of  Official  Agricul- 
tural Chemists  has  such  a  system  of  cooperative  tests.  Mi-.  Slinger- 
land  believed  that  even  after  these  tests  were  made  many  people 
would  not  believe  in  them.  They  want  to  find  out  by  their  own 
experience  what  the  truth  is.  Mr.  Surface  dissented  from  this  view 
to  some  extent,  believing  that  part  of  the  people  at  least  do  accept 
our  reports.  Mr.  Smith  said  that  he  received  many  advertisements  of 
curculio  remedies  accompanied  by  the  question,  "  Do  you  know  any- 
thing of  this  \  " 

Mr.  Fernald  moved  that  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to  con- 
sider the  question  of  cooperation  in  the  testing  of  insecticides  and 
proprietary  preparations,  to  report  at  the  next  annual  meeting.  The 
motion  was  carried,  and  the  chair  appointed  as  such  committee 
Messrs.  II.  T.  Fernald,  II.  A.  Surface,  and  A.  T.  Buriress. 

The  following  paper  was  read: 

THE   PRESENT    STATUS    OF    THE    PREDATORY    INSECTS    INTRO- 
DUCED INTO  NEW  JERSEY. 

By  John  B.  Smith.  Veto  Brunsioick,  N.  J. 

Ever  since  the  introduction  of  the  San  Jose  or  pernicious  scale 
into  New  Jersey,  the  question  of  securing  the  assistance  of  predatory 
insects  t<>  exterminate  or  at  least  control  it  has  been  more  or  less 
continuously  before  the  farmers  ami  fruit  growers,  and  of  necessity 
before  the  entomologist  as  well.  The  subject  is  an  old  one.  It  has 
been  before  various  meetings  of  farmers,  fruit  growers,  and  entomolo- 
gists, and   it   has  been  discussed   from  all  >ide>.     That  a  measure  of 


to 

success,  large  or  small,  has  been  attained  in  a  number  of  cases  is 
without  doubt.  The  classic  case  is  of  course  the  effect  produced 
by  X  or  ins  (Vedalia)  cardinalis  Mute,  against  the  cottony  cushion 
scale  (Icerya  purcliasi  Mask.)  in  California.  I  have  followed  in  a 
very  general  way  the  records  of  the  successes  attained  in  foreign 
countries,  including  under  that  term,  for  convenience.  Hawaii.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  not  only  a  measure  of  success  has  been  obtained  in 
many  instances,  but  that  the  measure  has  been  in  a  few  cases  a  very 
satisfactory  one.  amounting  in  the  California  instance  just  cited  to 
the  almost  complete  extermination  of  the  pestiferous  insect. 

At  first  blush  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  what  has  been  done 
in  one  section  of  the  country  can  not  be  equally  well  done  in  another; 
and  why.  if  it  has  been  shown  that  on  the  Pacific  coast  a  species  of 
coccinellid  is  found  keeping  a  scale  insect  in  check,  that  same  species 
should  not  do  precisely  the  same  work  in  the  State  of  Xew  Jersey. 

With  this  idea.  I  made  my  first  visit  to  California  and  the  Pacific 
coast  in  1800;  in  the  first  place  to  determine  whether,  as  against  the 
San  Jose  scale,  the  coccinellids  Avere  really  effective,  and,  second, 
whether  it  would  be  possible  to  acclimate  these  insects  in  Xew  Jersey. 
A  few  years  ago  I  would  have  said  that  what  can  be  done  in  Cali- 
fornia can  also  be  done  in  Xew  Jersey,  and  that  the  results  of  experi- 
ments obtained  in  Xew  Jersey  were  equally  valid  in  California.  The 
experience  of  the  past  few  years  has  modified  my  opinion  on  this 
subject  very  materially.  I  am  extremely  reluctant  nowadays  to  even 
advise  a  Xew  York  or  a  Pennsylvania  fruit  grower  to  make  applica- 
tions based  upon  what  I  have  found  to  be  effective  in  Xew  Jersey. 
In  fact,  I  have  discovered  that  I  can  not  always  duplicate  results  two 
years  in  succession:  that  when  I  find  an  application  almost  completely 
effective  one  summer.  I  am  as  likely  to  find  it.  under  apparently 
similar  conditions,  absolutely  ineffective  the  year  following.  Perhaps 
it  does  not  often  occur  that  such  extreme  contradictions  are  noted : 
but  I  think  every  working  economic  entomologist  has  seen  case-  at 
least  similar  to  the  one  just  suggested. 

I  do  not  encourage  too  great  hopes  from  importations  made  from 
California  into  Xew  Jersey.  You  are  probably  familiar  with  the 
report  made  by  me  in  1897  as  to  the  results  of  my  investigation:  how 
I  found  that  in  the  more  southern  parts  of  the  State  the  pernicious 
scale  was  really  kept  in  check  by  a  coccinellid  not  the  species  which 
had  been  credited  with  the  work,  but  by  a  common  native  form, 
Ghilocorus  bivulnerus  Muls.  I  found,  too.  that  the  species  that  was 
most  generally  credited  with  being  the  check  to  the  scale  could 
scarcely  be  found  at  any  time,  and  that  instead  of  Rhizobivs  h>p]i<nit>i 
Blaisd.,  which  is  an  introduced  species,  Scymnus  fnarginicollis  Mann. 
is  really  the  effective  form.  Xevertheless  I  succeeded  in  making  ar- 
rangements by  which  I  introduced  into  the  State  of  Xew  Jersey  dur- 


7(5 

ing  the  season  of  1896  a  number  of  colonic-  both  of  Rhizobius  and 
Scymnus.  In  all,  several  hundred  specimens  were  brought  into  the 
State  and  distributed  in  the  more  southern  counties,  where  the 
climate  is  mildest  and  conditions  generally  more  favorable  than  in 
the  north,  and  in  each  instance  where  there  was  an  abundance  of  food 
for  them.  The  colonic-  were  scattered  so  thai  anything  happening 
in  one  section  might  not  affect  the  entire  experiment.  The  results 
were  absolute  failures.  Nothing  more  was  seen  of  either  specie-  at 
an\  subsequent  period. 

At  the  same  time  1  entered  into  correspondence  with  Professor 
Matsumura,  of  Japan.  This  resulted  in  the  introduction  into  New 
Jersey  of  a  small  series  of  Chilocorus  similis  Rossi,  the  Asiatic  lady 
beetle  of  which  we  have  heard  so  much  during  the  past  year  or  two. 
Some  eighty  specimens  were  contained  in  the  sending  and  of  these 
nineteen  were  alive  and  in  apparently  good  condition.  I  placed  them 
out  myself  under  favorable  circumstances  on  May  ^4.  in  a  locality 
where  food  was  abundant  and  where  conditions  might  be  supposed  to 
be  of  the  best.  For  a  few  days  afterwards  the  insects  were  seen,  some 
of  them  were  noted  as  feeding,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  they  lived 
for  a  short  period.  There  is  no  doubt,  either,  that  they  died  off,  for 
nothing  was  seen  of  them  in  that  same  orchard  after  midsummer,  or 
at  any  time  since.  Nothing  more  was  done  in  this  matter  until  after 
Mr.  Marlatt  had  succeeded  in  securing  specimens  from  China  and 
Japan  and  had  actually  established  them  in  Washington,  I).  C. 

During  the  latter  part  of  1902  T  secured,  through  the  courtesy  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  sufficient  specimens  of  Chilocorus 
similis  to  colonize  on  two  infested  trees  in  my  own  garden,  where  they 
were  under  constant  observation.  These  insects  multiplied  to  some 
extent  during  the  year,  hibernated  very  fairly,  and  had  only  one 
drawback — they  became  pretty  well  parasitized,  before  the  season  was 
over.  In  L903,  while  the  parasites  were  very  active.  I  succeeded  in 
getting  increase  enough  to  -end  out  15  colonies,  and  with  what  was 
received  from  Washington  some  loo  individual-  were  distributed  in 
different  parts  of  southern  New  Jersey.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  rate 
of  increase  is  not  especially  great.  Out  of  perhaps  30  ladybirds 
received,  only  about  360  were  actually  obtained  after  a  year  under 
the  most  favorable  circumstances. 

The  winter  of  1903—4  was  an  unusually  hard  one.  not  that  the 
temperature  was  lower  than  usual,  because,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  did 
not  reach  the  lowest  point  of  the  year  before;  but  the  cold  was  con- 
tinuous and  there  were  several  unusually  heavy  late  frosts.  Whether 
on  this  account  or  for  some  other  reason  which  I  have  not  been  able 
to  discover,  the  colonic-  in  all  parts  of  the  State  were  completely 
exterminated.  I  have  not  -ecu  anywhere  even  a  single  example  of 
this  species.     This  report   is  not   based  altogether  upon  statements 


i  ( 

made  by  the  parties  to  whom  the  insects  were  sent.  It  is  made  partly 
upon  the  results  of  my  own  examination  and  partly  upon  those  of  my 
assistant,  Mr.  E.  L.  Dickerson.  Nevertheless  I  have  not  given  up 
hope-  of  securing  some  better  results  even  yet. 

During  the  summer  of  190i  Mr.  Wilmon  Newell.  State  entomologist 
of  Georgia,  was  good  enough  to  give  me  a  week  of  his  time  and  to 
guide  me  through  those  sections  of  Georgia  where  in  1902  this  cocci- 
nellid  had  occurred  in  enormous  numbers.  As  to  the  status  of  affairs 
in  Georgia.  Mr.  Newell  is  the  only  one  competent  to  speak:  but  I  may 
say  that  after  a  pretty  thorough  collecting  over  the  various  communi- 
ties where  the  beetles  had  been  most  abundant  I  succeeded  in  getting 
a  sufficient  quantity  to  -tart  a  new  colony  in  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Newell 
was  good  enough  to  divide  with  me  in  order  to  give  New  Jersey  an 
even  .-tart  with  Georgia  on  the  new  deal.  This  time  all  the  specimens 
that  were  obtained  were  placed  in  one  orchard,  not  far  from  New 
Brunswick,  and  this  comes  about  as  near  to  being  an  ideal  place  for 
insects  of  this  kind  as  could  well  be  imagined.  The  orchard  consists 
of  apple,  peach,  pear,  and  plum  trees,  several  hundred  tree-  in  all. 
Almost  every  tree  is  scaly  and  some  tree-  are  dying.  Nothing  has 
been  done  to  destroy  the  scales,  and  as  the  e-tate  is  in  chancery  it  is 
very  certain  that  nothing  will  be  done  during  the  current  winter. 
There  is  plenty  of  rubbish  to  serve  as  hiding  places,  also  plenty  of 
loo^e  bark.  Scales  occur  in  abundance,  and  although  PentUia  mist  lla 
Lee.  occurs  on  these  trees  by  the  thousands,  it  has  not  succeeded  in 
making  any  impre.-sion  upon  the  >cales.  All  the  specimens  were 
introduced  during  the  latter  part  of  July.  The  orchard  was  visited 
from  time  to  time  and  at  all  times  >ome  >pecimens  were  seen  feeding 
upon  the  scales;  and  in  the  latter  part  of  the  season  larva1  and  pitpa? 
were  found,  indicating  that  the  insects  had  made  themselves  at  home, 
to  some  extent  at  least.  A  small  number  that  were  kept  in  the  labora- 
tory and  plentifully  supplied  with  food  laid  egg>  in  small  numbers. 
Such  larva?  as  hatched*  from  these  eggs  were  taken  into  the  orchard  to 
give  them  normal  winter  condition.-.  I  can  not  say  that  I  hope  for 
very  much  as  the  result  of  this  last  experiment:  nevertheless  there  is 
a  chance  that  something  will  be  seen  of  the  insects  next  year,  and  if 
they  do  breed  they  will  have  an  opportunity  to  do  so  under  the  best 
possible  surrounding-. 

Some  time  before  1900  a  msLDtidy  Paratenodera  sinensis  Sauss.,  intro- 
duced from  China  had  established  itself  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadel- 
phia and  had  been  doing  well,  hundreds  of  egg  masses  being  seen 
during  the  winter,  while  the  insects  themselves  were  not  at  all  uncom- 
mon during  the  summer.  Mr.  Philip  Laurent  recorded  the  presence 
of  this  insect  and  figured  it  in  Entomological  News. 

During  the  winter  of  1000-1901  I  secured  through  Mr.  Laurent  a 
small  lot   of  specimens,  altogether  about  100.  which   I  distributed 


78 

mostly  in  southern  New  Jersey,  retaining  only  a  few  myself.  Adults 
from  these  masses  were  seen  during  the  summer  of  1901  at  a  number 
of  places,  and  during  the  following  winter  I  added  materially  to  the 
supply  by  further  lots  of  eggs  obtained  through  Mr.  Laurent.  In 
addition.  Professor  Slingerland  sent  me  a  number  of  egg  cases  of  the 
European  species,  which  had  established  itself  in  northern  New  York, 
also  the  result  of  an  accidental  importation.  There  were  thus  in  New 
Jersey  during  the  early  spring  of  L902  a  large  number  of  eggs  of 
Paratenodera  sinensis  Sauss.,  some  of  which  had  been  placed  there  by 
insects  that  might  be  considered  native  to  the  State  since  they  were 
horn  and  bred  there:  and  an  additional  lot  of  eggs  of  Mantis  religiosa 
Linn.,  natives  of  New  York  State,  and  which  might  have  been  ex- 
pected to  do  fairly  well  in  the  somewhat  milder  climate  into  which 
they  were  introduced.  Hatching  was  pretty  general  from  all  the 
egg  masses  of  the  Chinese  species:  hut  so  far  as  I  could  make  out 
none  of  the  European  egg  cases  produced  young. 

During  L902  the  adults  were  seen  everywhere  that  the  introduction 
had  been  made:  but  nowhere  in  any  wry  large  numbers.  Still  they 
were  there,  and  again,  during  the  early  spring  of  llMV-\.  I  added  some 
350  egg  masses,  secured  from  Mr.  Laurent,  to  the  previous  sendings. 
The  result  in  1004-  was  not  in  proportion  to  the  work  that  had  been 
done.  Fewer  examples  were  seen  in  most  of  the  places  than  ever 
before.  In  one  locality  only  was  any  considerable  number  of  speci- 
mens noticed.  In  one  place  that  had  received  sendings  each  year,  and 
which  was  almost  a  duplicate  of  the  locality  near  Philadelphia  where 
they  had  first  established  themselves,  not  a  specimen  could  be  found. 
1  sent  Mr.  Dickerson  through  one  of  the  places  that  he  had  seeded 
down,  and  where  the  location  of  every  egg  cluster  had  been  mapped, 
and,  while  many  of  the  whole  clusters  were  found,  the  eggs  apparently 
hatched,  the  net  result  seems  to  have  been  one  new  ojiir  mass  and 
nothing  else.  As  the  result  of  introductions  continued  three  years  in 
succession  there  is  no  one  point  where  I  could  go  at  the  present  time 
with  any  reasonable  hope  of  finding  even  a  single  egg  mass. 

For  some  reason  New  Jersey  seems  to  be  a  veritable  paradise  for 
the  injurious  species  that  are  introduced;  but  something  very  much 
to  the  contrary  for  such  beneficial  insects,  or  rather  predatory  forms, 
a-  have  been  introduced  to  control  them.  So  far  a-  the  record-  go, 
they  oiler  very  little  encouragement  to  those  who  are  inclined  to  de- 
pend upon  fighting  injurious  species  with  natural  enemies. 


Mr.  Washburn  asked  whether  any  coccinellid  was  found  working 
mi  Lecanium. 

Mr.  Smith  -aid  no.  but  that  Lecanium-  were  rare  in  New  Jersey. 


Mr.  Marlatt  said  that  this  work  was  very  interesting  to  him 
because  of  the  care  with  which  the  experiments  had  been  carried  on. 
His  own  course  had  been  to  try  to  allay  undue  enthusiasm  regarding 
the  San  Jose  scale  coccinellid.  Its  introduction  was  an  experiment 
that  seemed  at  first  promising.  In  many  sections  the  experiment 
failed,  but  frequently  this  was  due  to  the  starvation  of  the  coccinellid, 
because  sulphur-lime  wash  was  used  at  the  same  time  and  destroyed 
most  of  the  scales.  Predaceous  insects  of  general  feeding  habits 
should  be  introduced  with  care.  They  may  destroy  beneficial  as  well 
as  injurious  species.  Mantis,  for  instance,  seemed  to  take  a  special 
delight  in  destroying  the  aphid-eating  coccinellid. 

The  following  paper  was  presented : 

REPORT  ON  THE  "NEW  ORLEANS"  ANT  (IRIDOMYRMEX  HUMILIS 

Mayr). 

By  E.  S.  G.  Titus.  Washington,  D.  C. 

In  July  of  19CM:  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  received  a  letter  from  Prof.  H.  A.  Morgan,  of  Louisi- 
ana, inclosing  a  letter  from  Mr.  E.  Baker,  superintendent  of  Audubon 
Park,  New  Orleans.  La.  Mr.  Baker's  letter  gave  an  account  of  an 
ant  that  occurred  in  enormous  numbers  in  that  city  and  was  causing 
serious  trouble. 

Under  instructions  from  the  Entomologist.  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  I 
reached  Xew  Orleans  from  Xew  Iberia,  La.,  October  15.  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  sugar  experiment  station  in  Audubon  Park.  Mr.  R.  E. 
Blouin,  vice-director  of  the  station,  and  Mr.  E.  Baker  gave  me  such 
information  regarding  the  presence,  distribution,  manner  of  spread- 
ing, and  ravages  of  the  ant  as  they  had  collected  during  the  past 
few  years. 

Mr.  Baker  first  noticed  the  ants  in  1896,  at  which  time  he  moved 
into  Carrollton.  near  the  Southport  docks.  They  then  extended  over 
but  a  small  area,  reaching  approximately  from  Southport  docks  to 
Carrollton  avenue  and  from  the  river  back  to  Poplar  street.  At  that 
date  the  residents  in  that  section  had  been  troubled  with  them  but 
a  short  time.  I  could  find  no  one  who  could  positively  remember 
noticing  them  before  1895. 

In  1899  the  ants  were  first  noticed  in  Audubon  Park,  and  by  the 
next  summer  had  become  quite  numerous.  They  are  now  practically 
all  over  the  park,  the  nests  more  commonly  occurring  at  the  bases  of 
trees.  On  the  experiment-station  grounds  the  ants'  nests  are  very 
common  around  and  beneath  buildings,  in  flower  beds  and  cultivated 
fields,  beneath  sidewalks,  and  even  on  the  lawns.  In  wet  weather, 
Mr.  Baker  stated,  the  ants  deserted  their  ground  nests  and  carried 
pupa?,  larvae,  and  eggs  into  the  trees,     Here  they  constructed  nests  by 


80 

bringing  dirt  from  the  ground.  I  found  several  inhabited  nest-  as 
high  as  L5  to  20  feel  above  the  around  in  the  forks  of  live-oak  trees. 
These  nests  appeared  to  be  entirely  independent  of  the  nests  at  the 

Toot   of  the  tree. 

The  ants  were  noticed  aiding  in  the  distribution  of  the  following 
insects  on  the  grounds  of  the  station  and  in  other  part-  of  the  park : 

Aphides  on  fig,  citrus  trees,  sycamore,  live-oak,  cedar,  arbor-vita*, 
Duranta  plumieri,  and  ornamental  plants  in  greenhouses,  and  on  the 
grounds. 

Ci  roplastes  floridensis  Comst.,  occurring  on  fig,  persimmon,  orange, 
lemon,  and  on  many  plants,  in  the  horticultural  greenhouses. 


Fia.   7.— Persimmon  showing  protective  covering  made  by  Iridomyrmex  humilis  (original). 

P8i  udococcu8  dt'ti  Risso,  occurring  on  all  citrus-fruit  tree-,  fig, 
persimmon,  plum,  sycamore,  live-oak.  willow,  and  other  trees,  palms 
and  ornamental  shrubbery  of  almost  all  kinds,  chrysanthemums, 
dahlias,  golden-rod,  and  various  plants  in  the  greenhouses,  including 

ferns,  palm-,  coral-tree,  collee-t ree.  and  a  species  of  Hibiscus. 

Scale-lice  of  several  other  specie-  are  being  taken  care  of  by  these 
ant-.  They  occur  in  such  great  numbers  that  they  have  apparently 
become  care-taker-  for  all  kinds  of  scale  and  plant-lice  present  in  the 
regions  they  infest.  Where  possible  to  do  so.  they  build  a  covering, 
composed  of  dead  lice,  cast  skins,  dead  ant  remain-,  and  dirt  over 
the  insects  for  which  they  are  caring.  On  fruit  this  is  first  built  hear 
the  base  of  the  stem  and  gradually  extended  outward  as  the  colony 


81 

grows.  This  was  especially  noticeable  on  persimmons  and  oranges. 
At  the  stem  end.  or  wherever  two  specimens  of  fruit  touched,  the  pro- 
jecting covering  had  been  extended  for  a  considerable  distance. 

On  twigs  of  arbor-vita?  the  ants  were  able  to  build  a  covering  for 
the  plant-lice  by  extending  it  outward  onto  the  rough,  flat  leaves  of 
the  plant,  and  in  one  instance  they  had  built  on  both  the  upper  and 
lower  sides  of  the  leaves. 

The  entrance  to  these  shelters  over  colonies  on  fruit  was  always 
near  the  stems,  but  ants  could  usually  be  seen  at  some  place  on  the 
outer  edge  repairing  or  extending  the  covering  or  removing  young 
scales  to  new  territory. 

The  mealy-bugs  infesting  citrus  trees  and  other  fruits  and  on  the 
palm-  appear  to  be  the  same  species  as  the  one  commonly  found  in 
the  greenhouses  in  the  city — Pseudoeoccus  citri  Ri>-o. 

The  mealy-bug  affecting  the  sugar-cane  on  the  sugar  experiment 
station  grounds  is.  so  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  the  same  species.  Care- 
ful comparison  has  been  made  with  mounted  specimens  of  Pseudo- 
coccus  caleolarke  Mask,  on  sugar-cane  from  Florida.  P.  adonidum 
Targ.  and  P.  citri  Risso. 

This  sugar-cane  mealy-bug  has  increased  very  rapidly  in  the  last 
two  years,  and  this  year  a  large  percentage  of  the  cane  was  affected. 
The  woolly  secretions  were  present  in  the  greatest  numbers  in  the  leaf- 
sheaths,  but  occurred  on  the  stalks  from  the  base  up  to  from  3  to  6 
feet  above  the  ground,  and  often  far  out  on  the  leaves,  where  two  or 
more  leaves  were  touching  or  rested  against  a  cane  stalk.  Very  few 
were  found  in  the  ground  among  the  roots,  but  the  older  specimens 
could  often  be  seen  traveling  over  the  rough  dirt  from  stalk  to  stalk. 
The  ants  were  everywhere  present  among  them  and  were  several  times 
seen  establishing  new  colonies  on  cane. 

Ants  were  found,  also,  with  mealy-bugs  on  several  weeds  in  the  cane 
fields,  on  grasses,  and  rarely  on  ramie. 

I  found  the  ants  in  boxes  of  crackers  and  candies  sent  directly  from 
Xew  Orleans,  and  while  in  that  city  noticed  them  being  packed  up 
with  several  kinds  of  groceries  for  shipment  to  outlying  towns. 

A  Louisville  and  Nashville  construction-department  cooking  car 
was  visited  in  Xew  Orleans.  This  car  was  in  daily  use  and  had  been 
for  several  days  located  at  the  point  where  I  saw  it.  The  cook  told 
me  the  ants  worried  him  nearly  to  death.  "  Why.  they  are  so  thick 
that  I  don't  get  rid  of  them  till  I've  been  out  on  the  road  two  or  three 
days." 

Their  present  distribution  is  probably  limited  by  the  distance  that 

wholesale  goods  are  shipped  locally  from  Xew  Orleans.     While  as 

yet  they  do  not  extend  all  over  the  city,  it  is  a  matter  of  only  a  few 

years,  at  the  outside,  when  the  entire  residence  district  will  be  infested. 

25524— No.  52—05  m G 


82 

The  :mt  is  now  known  to  occur  in  the  following  localities  outside  of 
the  city  of  New  Orleans:  Across  the  river  in  Algiers  and  adjoining 
small  settlements;  at  West  End,  Spanish  Fort,  and  Milneburg,  sum- 
mer resorts  on  Lake  Pontchartrain ;  Bay  St.  Louis,  Miss.,  a  summer 
resort  between  New  Orleans  and  Mobile;  along  the  Texas  and  Pacific 
Railroad  at  Donaldsonville,  Cheneyville,  and  Alexandria:  along  the 
Southern  Pacific  at  Thibodaux,  Schriever,  Iloinna,  Berwick,  Morgan 
City,  Franklin,  New  Iberia,  and  Lafayette;  and  at  Opelousas*. 

It  will  be  noticed  thai  these  points  are  all.  excepting  Opelousas  and 
the  three  iirst-nained  summer  resorts,  on  main  lines  of  the  railroads 
leading  out  of  New  Orleans.  They  doubtless  occur  at  many  other 
smaller  places  along  these  Lines  and  in  localities  on  other  railroads 
leading  into  Mississippi,  Alabama,  and  Louisiana.  Their  distribu- 
tion to  summer  resorts  occurs  through  baggage  and  clothing  as  well  as 
in  supplies  sent  from  New  Orleans  to  these  points. 

In  the  lower  part  of  the  city  one  woman  told  me  that  the  ants 
appeared  in  her  house  late  in  dune.  1004.  Her  baby  was  taken  sick 
soon  afterwards  and  they  had  a  great  deal  of  trouble  keeping  the  ants 
away  from  him.-  The  ants  seemed  especially  attracted  to  the  child, 
perhaps  from  some  odor  of  the  sick  room,  and  would  cross  coal-oil 
bands  on  the  bed  and  on  chair  legs  in  order  to  reach  the  baby.  After 
the  child's  death  they  were  even  more  persistent  in  their  efforts  to 
reach  him.  The  coffin  was  set  on  a  stool  the  legs  of  which  wen'  placed 
in  dishes  of  water  with  a  coal-oil  film.  This  would  deter  the  ants  for 
onty  a  short  time,  when  some  would  get  on  the  oil  and.  others  follow- 
ing, there  would  soon  be  a  bridge  of  dead  ants. 

Several  instances  were  related  where  ants  dropped  from  the  ceiling 
in  order  to  reach  food  or  other  substances  they  desired.  An  experi- 
ment was  tried  with  some  sugar  sirups  on  a  table  which  stood  against 
the  wall.  The  ants  came  up  the  wall  to  reach  the  table.  When  it  was 
removed  from  the  wall  they  came  up  the  legs.  Next  morning  the  legs 
were  wrapped  with  cloths  soaked  in  coal  oil  and  the  table  removed 
some  distance  from  the  Avail.  That  day  the  ants  were  persistent  in 
their  efforts  to  reach  the  food,  constantly  climbing  up  and  down  the 
leg-,  but  only  a  few  attempted  to  cross  the  oiled  bandages  and  these 
were  not  successful.  The  following  morning  the  table  was  well  covered 
with  ant-.  They  had  gone  up  the  wall  over  the  first  trail  and  passed 
on  up  to  the  ceiling,  then  over  that  diagonally  until  they  were  over  the 
table,  when  they  dropped  down  onto  it.  Very  few  ants  were 
noticed  returning  from  the  ceiling,  but  a  constant  stream  of  them  was 
going  up.  At  the  point  where  the  table  had  formerly  touched  the  wall 
quite  a  number  of  ants  were  clustered,  evidently  at  a  loss  to  know 
where  to  go.  The  ants,  in  leaving  the  table,  usually  went  down  one 
of  the  leg-  and  were  crossing  the  coal-oil   bandages  with  apparently 


83 

little  or  no  injury  to  themselves.  Some  dropped  directly  from  the 
table  top  to  the  floor. 

One  large  colony  of  ants,  on  the  outskirts  of  a  portion  of  the  in- 
d  area  on  Carrollton  avenue,  had  path-  running  in  several  direc- 
tions; over  these  paths  thousands  of  ants  were  hurrying  all  day  long. 
A  willow  tree  standing  alone  in  a  very  hare  piece  of  hard  ground 
owr  200  feet  from  the  colony  was  thoroughly  infested.  The  path- 
way from  the  colonv  was  about  2  inches  wide,  sroino:  fairly  straight 
through  a  weed  patch,  then  directly  aero—  the  barren  ground  to  the 
tree.  The  outgoing  ant-  from  the  colony  were  usually  not  laden:  a 
few  were  noticed  carrying  ant  pupae,  and  these  were  followed  to  the 
tree,  where  they  entered  a  hollow  in  the  trunk.  Almost  all  the  re- 
turning ants  had  distended  abdomens,  evidently  being  filled  with  the 
excretions  from  the  plant  lice.  A  few  were  seen  carrying  young 
lepidopterous  larva?  that  were  dead  at  the  time  I  found  them.  To 
this  same  nest  was  traced  one  large  foraging  party  that  was  destroy- 
ing a  nest  of  other  ant-. 

Xot  only  at  New  Orleans,  but  at  several  other  town-  in  the  State.  I 
heard  complaints  of  the  destruction  of  flower-  by  the  ants.  The  caly- 
ces and  ba>e-  of  the  petal-  of  several  kind-  of  composite  ornamental 
flowers  were  found  to  have  been  so  thoroughly  de-troved  that  a 
slight  jar  would  cause  the  petals  to  fall.  Lemon  blossoms  on  trees 
of  B.  M.  Young,  at  Morgan  City.  La.,  were  eaten  -o  badly  that  the 
-  failed  to  set  fruit.  I  heard  accounts,  also,  of  their  e-tablishing 
colonies  of  plant  lice  on  the  flower  buds  of  shrubs  in  yards  to  such 
an  extent  that  no  flowers  opened.  T  found  them  attending  colonies 
of  the  "  black  aphis  of  chrysanthemum  "  at  Doctor  Stubbs's  resi- 
dence, in  Audubon  Park,  and  in  other  yard-  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
dwarf  or  deform  almost  half  the  flower-. 

Hard  un ripened  pear-  left  in  barrels  on  a  house  porch  were  found 
several  days  later  to  be  honeycombed  by  these  ant-,  almost  all  the 
interior  being  eaten. 

Lunch-counter,  soda-fountain,  candy-store,  and  fruit-stand  pro- 
prietors are  kept  continually  on  the  watch  to  prevent  their  stock  in 
trade  from  being  ruined.  A  grocer  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city  told 
me  that  when  the  ants  first  appeared  they  seemed  to  come  in  by  thou- 
sands in  a  single  day.  He  stated  that  he  threw  away  over  half  a 
barrel  of  sugar  and  several  boxes  of  evaporated  fruits. 

These  ants  have  driven  or  killed  out  all  other  ant-  in  the  regions 
infe>ted  by  them.  I  witnessed  two  battles  between  them  and  other 
ants  on  the  outskirts  of  the  infested  area.  The  new  ant.  although 
much  smaller,  overcame  the  other  by  sheer  force  of  numbers,  column 
after  column  of  them  arriving  on  the  scene  of  1  tattle,  while  long  files 
were  carrying  away  dead  ants,  pupae,  and  larvae. 


84 

They  are  extremely  active;  the  residents  of  New  Orleans  have 
christened  them  "the  crazy  ant,"  since  when  a  column  is  disturbed 
it  breaks  up,  the  ants  running  aimlessly  about  in  every  direction. 
Professor  Wheeler,  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
has  very  kindly  examined  specimens  of  the  workers  and  states  that 
they  appear  to  l>e  identical  with  Iridomyrmex  humilu  Mayr.  This 
species  has  been  hitherto  reported  only  from  tropical  regions.  The 
genus  is  quite  closely  related  to  Tapinoma,  but  this  species  can  be 
separated  by  the  presence  of  a  distinct,  erect,  sharp-edged  scale  and 
by  the  fact  that  the  abdomen  does  not  project  forward,  nor  in  any 
way  conceal  this  scale.  The  workers  are  from  2  to  '2. ."")()  mm.  in 
length,  pale  brown  in  color,  head  and  thorax  rugose,  abdomen  shin- 
ing,  l>nt  slightly  pubescent. 

The  New  Orleans  tradesmen  early  took  advantage  of  the  annoy- 
ance- caused  by  the  ant,  and  now  every  grocery  and  drug  store  in  the 
infested  area  has  for  -ale  one  or  more  "ant  killers,"  "ant  poisons," 
••ant  preventives,"  etc.  These  consist  of  tapes  saturated  with  cor- 
rosive sublimate;  corrosive  sublimate  solutions  to  be  painted  on 
wall-  and  leu-  of  tables  and  chair.-;  hydrocyanic-acid  preparations; 
coal-oil  mixtures.;  and  others  having  trade  names,  the  compositions 
of  which  are  kept  secret  by  the  manufacturers. 

The  use  of  corrosive-sublimate  tapes  and  of  cloths  saturated  with 
coal  oil  appears  to  be  the  most  successful  means  of  keeping  the  ants 
away.  The  use  of  carbon  bisulphid  to  destroy  the  nests  will  be  futile 
mile—  it  can  be  taken  up  by  the  whole  community.  A  nest  will  be 
reoccupied  in  a  few  days  after  having  been  dosed  with  carbon  bisul- 
phid. and  cleaning  out  the  ant-  in  any  section  will  be  a  waste  of  time 
and  money  unless  all  other  surrounding  sections  are  immediately 
treated. 


Mr.  Sanderson  -aid  that  he  could  corroborate  the  statements  in 
the  paper  as  to  the  severity  of  the  attacks.  In  Morgan  City  they 
wore  at  times  -imply  unbearable. 

Mr.  Surface  asked  how  these  ants  are  disseminated  by  the  methods 
described,  which  would  presumably  apply  only  to  the  workers.  If 
the  queens  wore  not  present  they  could  not  become  established  in  the 
new  locality  unle—  the  workers  reproduce  parthenogenetically. 

Mr.  Titus  said  that  the  life  history  had  been  little  studied  and 
that  many  of  these  point-  wore  -till  not  clear,  but  it  might  be  a  fact  that 
in  this  group  queens  were  not  always  uecessary  to  establish  colonic-. 

In  the  absence  of  the  author,  the  following  paper  was  read  by  Mr. 
Gillette: 


85 

THE    COTTONY    MAPLE    SCALE:    AN    UNUSUAL    OUTBREAK,    AND 
EXPERIMENTS  WITH  INSECTICIDES. 

By  S.  Arthur  Johnson,  Fort  Collin*.  Colo. 

Contrary  to  general  experience  the  cottony  maple  scale  (Pulvinaria 
hinumerabilis  Rathv.)  has  done  serious  injury  in  Denver  for  several 

years  past  and  gives  promise  of  renewed  ravages  during  the  coming 
summer.  The  scale  is  widely  distributed  over  the  city  on  the  soft 
maple  (Acer  saccharinum)  shade  trees  in  the  parks  and  streets.  In 
a  number  of  localities  the  permanent  injury  has  been  severe.  Two 
winters  ago  the  time  of  one  man  was  employed  for  two  weeks  cutting 
out  and  removing  the  dead  limbs  from  a  park  covering  one  block. 
In  this  same  park  last  winter  the  under  surfaces  of  many  limbs  on  the 
soft  maples  and  black  locusts  (Robmia  pseudacacia)  were  literally 
coated  with  the  scale.  Here  the  Colorado  Agricultural  College,  in 
conjunction  with  the  superintendent  of  parks,  conducted  a  number  of 
experiments  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  an  effective  winter  treat- 
ment. So  far  as  the  writer  is  aware  very  little  thorough  work  has 
been  done  in  this  line. 

The  advantages  of  a  winter  treatment  are  indicated  both  by  the 
condition  of  the  trees  and  by  the  life  history  of  the  insect.  The  im- 
mense numbers  of  the  pest  would  make  it  necessary  to  spray  thor- 
oughly both  surfaces  of  the  leaves  in  summer,  which  is  a  prac- 
tical impossibility  with  trees  of  dense  foliage  which  are  often  30 
or  more  feet  in  height.  Moreover,  it  would  seem  that  the  life 
history  of  the  insect  would  necessitate  more  than  one  application  of 
the  spray.    Doctor  Howards  in  giving  the  life  history,  says: 

The  young  hatch  early  in  summer,  usually  in  the  month  of  June,  but  occasion- 
ally at  least  as  early  as  May  22.  The  hatching  period  usually  extends  on  into 
early  July,  hut  may  last  until  August.  *  *  *  In  the  course  of  a  month  they 
undergo  a  molt  and  begin  to  secrete  a  certain  amount  of  wax  from  the  dorsal 
surface  of  the  body. 

It  thus  appears  quite  possible  that  some  of  the  first-hatched  insects 
may  molt  and  become  protected  with  scales  before  the  last  of  the 
eggs  have  hatched.  Professor  Gillette  7  has  expressed  the  opinion  that 
after  the  wax  is  formed  sprays  of  greater  strength  will  be  necessary. 
The  leaves  of  the  soft  maple  appear  to  be  quite  sensitive  to  the  greater 
strengths  of  contact  insecticide^. 

EXPERIMENTS    WITH"  INSECTICIDES. 

Shortly  after  I  came  to  this  station  a  quantity  of  badly  infested 
maple  twigs  were  received  from  Colorado  Springs.  At  that  time, 
under  the  direction  of  Professor  Gillette.  I  made  a  number  of  experi- 

a  Bul.  22,  n.  s.,  Div.  of  Ent,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  pp.  7-16. 
&  Bul.  47,  Colo.  Exp.  Sta.,  p.  :;:'.. 


86 

ments  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  effect  of  insecticides  on  the 
insect  The  notes  I  have  tabulated  below.  The  results  obtained 
from  these  experiments  indicated  the  Lines  of  attack  which  were  fol- 
lowed out  a  year  Later  in  Curtis  Park,  Denver. 


/v<  liminary  laboratory  experiment  in  1903  for  determining  the  effect  of  different 

insecticides  on  the  cotton//  inu/jle  scale. 
Treated  January  17.  V.n\\  examined  January  23,  1908.] 


Insecticide. 

Strength. 

Alive. 

Dead. 

Per  cenl 

dead. 

Remarks. 

Lime  sulphur  --alt  i  Ill- 
inois formula  I. 
l).. 

Full 

One-half  .. 

69 

» 

10 

87 

li) 

1 

44 
12 

58 

67 

89 
24 
59 

7.\ 

11 

67 
140 

23 

49 

70 
71 
61 
90 
92 

60 
92 

30 

Do  .. 

Two-thirds 

Do  

Kerosene  emulsion 

Do          

Do 

Whale-oil  soap  (hard  1 

Do 

Do - 

One-sixth 

."><>  percent  kerosene. 
23  per  rent  kerosene. 

12   per  rent  kerosene 
1  pound  to  1  gallon  .. 

1  pound  to  2  gallons  . 
1  pound  to  4  gallons  . 
1  pound  to  6  gallons  . 
- 

Possibly  all  dead. 
Those    in    protected 

places  alive:   others 

dead. 

All  dead,  except  occa- 
sional protected  ones. 

Little,  or  no  effect. 

Do 

Check 

12 
62 

60 

55 

S3 
47 

Results  of  a  second  experiment  in  1903. 

[Treated  January  31,  1903;  examined  February  10,  1903.] 


Insecticide. 


Strength. 


Remarks. 


Kerosene  emulsion 

Do 

Whale-oil  soap 

Lime-sulphur-salt  (Illinois 
formula  I. 


Seems  to  have  killed  all. 
Seems  to  have  killed  about  all. 
Seems  not  to  have  killed    any.  but  there 
may  be  different  results  later. 
Full '  Seems  not  to  have  killed  any. 


50  per  cent  kerosene. 
25  percent  kerosene. 
1  pound  to  1  gallon  . . 


It  will  be  -ecu  by  consulting  the  tables  that  the  mortality  of  the 
untreated  scale  during  the  winter  reaches  probably  50  per  cent. 
This  is  indicated  by  the  counts  on  the  check  branches  and  those  on 
which  the  treatments  were  so  weak  as  to  have  had  little  or  no  effect. 
The  numbers  counted  in  the  Laboratory  experiments  were  too  small 
to  have  positive  values  except  where  the  percentage  of  dead  was  very 
high,  because  the  difference  in  mortality  on  different  twigs  is  a 
conspicuous  feature  on  looking  over  the  hibernating  insects. 

The  only  effective  remedies  appeared  to  be  kerosene  emulsion.  25 
per  cent  or  more  in  strength,  and  whale-oil  soap  at  the  rate  of  1 
pound  to  the  gallon.  The  laboratory  experiments  indicated  that 
further  tests  with  kerosene  emulsion,  varying  in  strength  from  10 
to  50  per  cent,  and  the  stronger  solutions  of  whale-soap  should 
be  made  to  ascertain  more  accurately  the  location  of  the  "dead  line." 


87 


Results  of  applications  of  insecticides  made  in  Curtis  Park.  Denver,  for  the  cot- 
tony maple  scale. 

[Treated  November  23.  1903;  examined  February  27.  1904.] 


No.  of 
tree. 


Insecticide. 


Strength. 


Alive.     Dead.    p«cent 


dead. 


Remarks. 


Kerosene  emulsion 50  per  cent  oil None. 

do 20  per  cent  oil None. 

do \2h  per  cent  oil 1 

do .- .-  lOper  cent  oil 35 

Tobacco  stems 1  pound  to  1  gallon .  _         217 

do lpoundto3  gallons 

Tree  soap 2  pounds  to  1  gallon 


All. 

100 

All. 

100 

73 

98 

273 

88 

13   do 1  pound  to  2  gallons 

!  Check. 


29 


No  benefit. 

Scales  all  dead 
and  shriveled. 

About  two- 
thirds  dead. 

One-fourth  dead. 


Results  of  later  applications  in  Curtis  Park. 
[Treated  February  19,  1904 :  examined  March  1,  1904.] 


Insecticide. 


Strength. 


Lime-sulphur -salt   (Illinois  for  Full.. 

mula). 

Kerosene  emulsion 50  per  cent 

Do 33  per  cent 

Do 25  per  cent 

Do.. 17  percent 

Do. >  12  per  cent 

Do. 10  per  cent 

"Whale- oil  soap  (hard) 1  pound  to  1  gallon  .. 

Do 1  pound  to  2  gallons. 

Do 1  pound  to  3  gallons 

Do. 

Do 

Check 


1  pound  to  4  gallons  . 
1  pound  to  8  gallons  . 


Alive. 

Dead. 

Per  cent 
dead. 

87 

192 

70 

0 

404 

100 

0 

310 

100 

o 

274 

98 

1 

153 

99 

14 

229 

94 

299 

688 

69 

3 

171 

98 

117 

563 

84 

26 

81 

76 

128 

154 

55 

118 

154 

57 

256 

m 

62 

Remarks. 


PREPARATION    OF    INSECTICIDES. 

The  kerosene  emulsion  was  emulsified  with  whale-oil  soap.  The 
tobacco  stems  were  very  dry  when  weighed  and  were  boiled  one  hour 
in  enough  water  to  cover  them,  after  which  the  concoction  was 
diluted  to  the  strengths  given.  The  tree  soap  employed  was  used  in 
the  first  series  of  experiments  and  hard  whale-oil  soap,  purchased  at 
a  drug  store,  in  the  second.  The  lime-sulphur-salt  wash  was  pre- 
pared according  to  the  Illinois  formula  and  boiled  three  hours. 

APPLICATION    OF    THE    INSECTICIDES. 


Both  seneca  and  vermorel  nozzles  were  used.  The  latter  did 
good  work  and  is  rather  to  be  preferred  on  account  of  economy  of 
material.  Only  the  lower  branches  of  the  trees  were  sprayed  and  in 
some  cases  two  applications  were  made  on  different  parts  of  the  same 
tree.     With  the  lime-sulphur-salt  wash  two  entire  trees  were  treated. 


DIS(  l  SSI03    OF    RE81  LTS. 

A  glance  at  the  percentage  column  shows  thai  the  effective  rem- 
edies stand  out  prominently.  They  are  kerosene  emulsion  in 
strengths  <>t'  over  1<>  per  cenl  and  whale-oil  soap  at  the  rate  of  1 
pound  to  the  gallon.  TobacCo-stem  decoction  and  lime-sulphur- 
salt  wash  appeared  to  be  ineffective.  The  Lime-sulphur-salt  wash 
was  especially  disappointing.  After  several  weeks  the  scales  under 
it  appeared  brighl  and  healthy,  and  it  almost  seemed  as  if  they 
enjoyed  the  protection  of  an  extra  covering  during  the  cold  weather. 
The  Insects  take  little  or  no  nourishment  during  the  winter  and 
might  thus  be  able  to  withstand  for  a  time  an  application  which 
deprived  them  of  their  food  supply. 

A-  a  result  of  these  experiments  kerosene  emulsion  in  strengths  of 
1  to  6  or  1  to  s  was  recommended.  Application-  were  made  by  the 
park  authorities  on  April  16.  The  tree-  were  examined  on  May  L3 
by  Professor  Gillette,  who  made  the  following  note: 

Where  Mr.  Smith  applied  kerosene  emulsion  that  was  one-sixth  kerosene 
the  scales  appeared  to  be  all  dead  over  the  greater  portion  of  the  trees.  Some 
liml.s  have  scattering  living  scales  and  occasionally  limbs  were  found  where 
the  scales  were  quite  abundant.  From  the  fact  that  the  lice  are  all  dead  in 
places  where  they  were  very  abundant,  it  seems  evident  to  me  that  the  living 
lice  were  those  that  were  not  well  treated.  Mr.  Smith  was  also  of  The  same 
opinion. 

The  entire  park  was  not  sprayed  last  winter,  and  as  a  result  the 
infested  trees  have  deluged  the  whoJe  grove  with  the  scale.  Treat- 
ment i-  being  made  at  this  writing  with  kerosene  emulsion  in  the 
strength  of  one-sixth  kerosene.  Judging  from  twigs  sent  to  the 
laboratory,  the  application  is  all  thai  could  be  desiredj  the  scales  all 
being  killed. 

Some  scales  will  doubtless  be  missed  by  the  -pray,  but  these  can 
be  trimmed  out  as  soon  as  the  wax  becomes  conspicuous  in  the  spring 
and  before  the  eggs  have  hatched. 


In  the  absence  of  the  author,  the  following  paper  was  read  by  the 
secretary : 

SOME  EXPERIENCES  WITH  PULVINARIA. 
By  EIowabd  Evabts  Weed,  chimon,  ill. 

The  entomological  literature  regarding  Pulvinaria  innumerabilis 

Rathv.  contain-  so  many  misleading  statements  that  it  is  certainly 

time  for  attention  to  be  called  to  them.     The  two  principal  misstate- 


89 

ments  are:  (1)  That  "  the  insect  is  rarely  injurious  in  two  consecutive 
years,"0  and  (2)  that  the  remedy  consists  in  a  ••summer  spraying 
with  a  dilute  kerosene-soap  emulsion."  &  These,  or  similar  statements, 
have  appeared  in  every  article  heretofore  written  on  this  subject,  and 
during  the  past  summer  I  have  been  shown  a  score  of  letters  from 
entomologists  making  these  statements. 

Early  in  June  of  this  year  I  received  a  note  from  the  chairman  of 
the  North  Shore  Park  Commission  stating  that  a  committee  of  the 
Rogers  Park  Improvement  Association  had  been  appointed  to  devise 
means  for  the  elimination  of  the  cottony  maple  scale.  This  com- 
mittee asked  me  to  investigate  the  subject  and  undertake  the  work  of 
spraying  in  the  territory  of  Rogers  Park — a  Chicago  suburb,  but 
within  the  city  limits.  Upon  investigation  I  found  the  soft  or 
silver-leafed  maple  (Acer  dasycarpiim)  to  be  the  principal  shade 
tree  here,  and  every  tree  was  covered  with  the  white  egg  masses  of  the 
Pulvinaria.  The>e  insects  have  been  present  in  this  territory  in  large 
numbers  each  year  >ince  1880  at  least.  In  1S07  a  large  number  of 
the  trees  were  severely  pruned,  the  >upposition  being  that  tins  would 
eliminate  the  scale,  and  the  beauty  of  the  trees  was  thus  largely 
spoiled.  The  insects  have  been  so  numerous  that  they  have  destroyed 
the  lower  and  smaller  branches  and  killed  hundreds  of  trees  out- 
right. The  work  of  the  Pulvinaria,  together  with  the  pruning  in  an 
effort  to  get  rid  of  it.  has  caused  the  trees  to  look  anything  but  beau- 
tiful. This  same  condition  exists  at  other  places  around  Chicago, 
especially  at  Evanston  and  Irving  Park.  No  soft  maples  are  now 
being  planted  in  this  territory  on  account  of  the  ravages  of  the  insect. 

During  the  past  summer  the  eggs  were  slow  in  hatching,  as  the 
season  was  very  backward.  Up  to  June  25  practically  no  eggs  were 
hatched.  Two  quite  warm  days  occurred  about  July  10.  and  this 
served  to  bring  them  out.  At  this  time  the  larger  limbs  and  branches 
were  fairly  alive  with  the  voting  iroing  from  the  e£>g  masses  to  the 
leaves.  Persons  pruning  the  trees  at  this  time  would  get  the  insects 
in  the  hair  and  upon  the  person  and  clothes  in  the  same  manner  as 
chicken  mites.  The  insects  were  scattered  to  surrounding  shrubs  and 
flowers  in  various  ways,  especially  by  the  falling  of  the  weakened 
leaves,  so  that  during  August  they  were  to  be  found  on  practically 
every  shrub. 

The  list  of  plants  upon  which  I  have  found  the  Pulvinaria  is  con- 
siderably larger  than  heretofore  given.  Of  course  a  distinction 
should  be  made  as  to  what  constitutes  the  normal  food  plants,  or  those 
upon  which  it  occurs  in  both  summer  and  winter  forms  and  the  food 
plants  upon  which  it  may  have  drifted  for  the  summer.  My  own 
observation  gives  the   following  as  the  normal   food  plants  of  the 

a  Bui.  22,  Div.  of  Ent..  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  p.  16.  &  Loc.  cit 


90 

species,  those  most  affected  being  mentioned  first  in  the  list  and  those 
least  affected  last:  Soft  or  silver-leafed  maple  [Acer  dasycarpum), 
box  elder  (Acer  negvndo),  linden  (Tilia),  Virginia  creeper  (Ampe- 
lopsis  quinqiu  folia  ) .  bittersweet  I  <  '<  lastrus  scandt  na ) .  sumac  (  Rhus ) . 
grape  (Vitis),  and  willow  (Salix).  The  summer  food  plants 
observed  have  been  Spiraea  Van  Houtteii,  S.  arguta,  and  S.  pruni- 
i oJ hi :  PhUadelphus  grandiflorus  and  P.  coronarhisj  Comm  ma8eula.t 
(  .  siberica,  (J.  stolonifera,  and  ('.  paniculata;  Ribes  aureum  and  R. 
sanguinetim;  Hydrangea;  Rudbeckia;  Symphoricarpus  racemosus 
and  S.  vulgaris;  Syringa,  several  varieties;  Viburnum,  several  varie- 
ties. 1  have  not  found  it  upon  either  the  sugar  maple  (Acer  sacchari- 
iniiii)  or  the  Norway  maple  (J.  pl-atanoides) ,  even  where  these  trees 
were  surrounded  by  the  soft  maples,  except  in  such  small  numbers  as 
to  l>c  very  inconspicuous. 

The  work  of  spraying  began  the  middle  of  July  and  continued 
until  September  1.  Idle  work  was  done  under  my  constant  super- 
vision by  some  senior  students  of  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College. 
Two  outfits  on  wheels  with  hand  pump-  were  used,  these  being  the 
most  convenient  in  getting  around  from  tree  to  tree.  Both  the 
vermorel  and  bordeaux  nozzles  were  usecL  The  trees  sprayed  were 
mostly  quite  large,  requiring  a  60-foot  hose  to  reach  the  top.  The 
operators  wore  fireman's  oiled  suits  and  began  the  spraying  at  the 
top  by  climbing  the  tree,  finishing  at  the  bottom  limbs.  The  work 
was  thoroughly  done,  so  far  as  possible  every  leaf  being  covered. 

When  I  first  took  hold  of  this  work  I  had  expected  to  kill  the  in- 
sects readily  "with  a  weak  kerosene  emulsion."  All  the  entomolo- 
gists  -.lid  this  was  the  remedy,  and  my  own  fourteen  years'  experience 
in  practical  spraying  work  told  me  the  same  thing.  I  began  with  an 
8  per  cent  kerosene  emulsion,  which  was  increased  within  a  few  days 
to  lo  per  cent,  then  to  12J,  and  finally  to  15  per  cent.  Practically 
none  of  the  Insects  were  killed  with  either  the  s  or  10  per  cent  emul- 
sions. An  examination  at  Professor  Forbes's  office  of  leaves  sprayed 
with  L2|  per  cent,  some  day-  after,  showed  that  something  over  50 
per  cent  were  killed,  but  the  death  of  some  of  these  was  doubtless 
front  natural  causes.  The  15  per  cent  emulsion  killed  the  greater 
portion  of  the  Pulvinaria,  but  as  this  strength  took  practically  all 
the  Leaves  oil'  the  box  elders,  all  from  the  lindens,  and  fully  one-half 
from  the  maples,  the  remedy  was  at  least  equal  to  the  disease.  A  LO 
per  cent  emulsion  is  all  that  can  with  safety  be  applied  to  the  linden 
or  box  elder,  while  a  \'2\  per  cent  is  all  that  can  safely  be  applied  to 
the  maple. 

In  this  connection  some  experience  in  the  making  of  the  emulsion 
may  be  of  Interest.  With  2,500  large  tree-  to  spray,  scattered  over  a 
large  territory,  the  matter  of  making  the  emulsion  was  of  consider- 
able importance.      But,  a-  "  necessity  IS  the  mother  of  invention."  it 


91 

so  happened  that  a  sample  of  soft  soap  containing  50  per  cent  of 
naphtha  was  sent  me  for  trial.  A  single  trial  convinced  me  of  its 
merits  and  500  pounds  were  ordered.  This  soap  readily  dissolves 
in  cold  water  and  take-  up  the  kerosene  very  readily  when  pumped 
through  a  bucket  force  pump.  I  found  that  the  best  proportion  was 
1  pound  of  the  soap  to  2^  gallons  of  kerosene.  In  the  making  of  a 
10  per  cent  emulsion  in  this  way  I  first  dissolved  1  pound  of  the  soap 
in  2J  gallons  of  water.  I  then  added  2^  gallons  of  oil  and  pumped 
the  whole  through  a  bucket  -prayer  and  added  it  to  20  gallon-  of 
water. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  spray  work  Profe->or  Close,  of  the  Dela- 
ware >tation.  visited  me  and  told  of  the  experiments  which  he  had 
just  completed  with  the  hydrated-lime  emulsion.  I  obtained  some 
of  the  hydrated  lime  at  once,  intending  to  give  it  a  trial,  but  as  the 
season  was  then  rather  late  and  my  landscape  work  took  up  my  entire 
time.  I  was  unable  to  conduct  the  desired  experiments.  During  the 
coming  spring  I  expect  to  spray  extensively  with  the  hydrated-lime 
emulsion. 

I  have  endeavored  to  ascertain  the  experience  of  the  other  entomol- 
ogists with  Pulvinaria  ^o  as  to  compare  results,  but  without  exception 
the  reply  has  come.  "  I  have  had  no  experience  with  this  particular 
insect."  My  experience  leads  me  to  conclude  that  the  Pulvinaria  is 
as  hard  to  clown  as  the  San  Jose  scale.  It  also  teaches  that  we  can 
not  reason  from  analogy  as  to  the  remedies  for  injects.  If  we  have 
had  no  personal  experience  with  an  insect  we  really  know  nothing 
about  it.  and  we  should  be  extremely  careful  in  making  statement- 
recommending  remedies  The  comment  of  a  resident  of  Rogers  Park, 
after  the  receipt  of  a  letter  reading  "  remedies  are  not  necessary,  as 
the  insects  are  rarely  numerous."  was.  "  He  can't  make  me  believe 
that."     I  trust  that  no  such  letters  will  hereafter  be  written. 


Mr.  Titus  -aid  that  there  had  during  the  past  few  years  been  much 
trouble  from  Pulvinaria  in  the  Chicago  city  park-.  He  had  visited 
there  frequently  and  had  found  employees  using  sponges  saturated 
with  kerosene.  These  sponge-  were  rapidly  passed  along  the  infested 
limbs.  Apparently  the  method  was  very  efficient,  so  far  as  it  reached 
the  scale-.     Those  on  the  leaves  were,  of  course,  misled. 

AETERXOOX  SESSION,  FRIDAY.  DECEMBER  3".  l 

The  president  called  the  meeting  to  order  at  2  p.  m.  The  com- 
mittee on  nominations  reported  as  follow-  : 

For  president.  H.  Garman.  Lexington.  Ky. 

For  vice-president.  E.  Dwight  Sanderson.  Durham,  X.  H. 

For  second  vice-president.  I".  L.  Washburn.  St.  Anthony  Park.  Minn. 


92 

For  secretary-treasurer,  II.  F.  Bummers,  Ames.  Iowa. 

For  members  of  the  council,  C,  F.  Marlatt,  Washington,  i>.  C. ;  Herbert  Os- 
i  orn,  <  Solumbus,  ( >hio. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

M.   V.   Si  i  NGERLAND,  < 7c/ inuaii. 
Herbert  Osborn. 
.1.  L.  Phillips. 

On  motion,  the  secretary  was  instructed  to  casl  the  ballot  of  the 
association  for  the  officers  nominated,  and  they  were  duly  elected. 

The  committee  on  membership  recommended  the  following  for 
membership,  and  on  motion  they  were  declared  elected: 

For  foreign  members:  II.  A.  Ballou,  Imperial  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bar- 
bados, Wesl  Indies:  W.  E.  Collinge,  University,  Birmingham,  England. 

To  be  changed  from  associate  ?<i  active  members:  F.  C.  Bishopp,  Washington, 
D.   c. :  <\   T.    Brues,    Washington,    D.   C;  A.   A.   Girault,   Washington,    I).   C. ; 

S.    Arthur  Johnson.   Fort   Collins.   Colo.;   G.    W.    -Martin.   Nashville,  Tenn.  :   F.   P. 

Taylor,  (Jrbanq,  in. 

For  active  members:  .1.  C.  Crawford,  jr..  Dallas,  Tex.:  Edgar  L.  Dickerson, 
New  Brunswick,  X.  .1.:  C.  <>.  Houghton,  Newark,  Del.;  W.  J.  Phillips.  Drbana, 
111.:  W.  Dwighl  Pierce,  Dallas,  Tex.;  George  I.  Reeves,  Washington,  I).  C. ;  C.  E. 
Sanborn,  College  station.  Tex.;  II.  L.  Viereek,  New  Haven.  Conn.:  B.  II.  Wal- 
den,  New    I  Iaven.  ( \>nn. 

For  associate  members:  Gordon  M.  Bentley,  Raleigh,  X.  C;  F.  I).  Couden, 
Washington,  D.  C;  Harper  Dean,  jr..  Blacksburg,  Va. ;  Edos  B.  Engle,  Harris- 
burg,  Fa.;  W.  A.  Hooker.  Amherst.  Mass.:  John  Isaac.  Sacramento.  Cal.  : 
A.  I).  MacGIllivray,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca.  N.  Y. :  Leslie  Martin.  Washing- 
ton, I),  c. :  A.  C.  Morgan,  Dallas  Tex.;  F.  F.  Phillips,  Philadelphia,  Fa.; 
II.  J.  Quayle,  Berkeley,  Cal.;  John  M.  Rankin,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  W.  A.  Riley, 
Ithaca.  X.  Y. ;  J.  G.  Sanders,  Washington,  L>.  C. 

John  B.  s.\m  n.  Chairman. 
C.  F.  Chambliss. 
F.  S.  G.  Tins, 

Tin1  following  were  imported  as  having  been  added  to  the  li>t  of 
active  members  during  the  year  by  the  secretary,  in  accordance  with 
the  constitution : 

Frank  Benton,  Washington,  D.  C;  Mel  T.  Cook,  Santiago  de  las  Vegas,  Cuba; 

D.  F.  Van  Dine.  Honolulu.  Hawaii. 

The  committee  on  resolutions,  Messrs.  Felt.  Huriress.  and  Wash- 
burn, reported  resolutions  thanking  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  for 
his  courtesy  in  publishing  the  proceedings  of  previous  meetings,  and 
asking  him  to  continue  that  courtesy :  and  thanking  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  the  Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Science-  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  American  Entomo- 
logical Society  \'nv  favors  and  courtesies  extended. 

The  secretary  called  attention  to  the  limitation  of  size  of  the  pro- 
ceedings and  suggested  the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  edit  these, 
with  power  io  require  the  preparation  of  abstracts  from  members 


93 

where  it  was  deemed  necessary.     On  motion  the  president  appointed 
as  such  committee  Messrs.  Summers,  Smith,  and  Marlatt. 

On  motion  the  following  amendments  to  the  by-laws,  laid  on  the 
table  at  the  Jast  meeting,  were  adopted: 

That  in  the  interpretation  of  the  paragraph  of  the  constitution  regarding  the 
electiou  of  new  members  it  be  understood  that  an  "  economic  entomologist  "  is  u 
person  who  has  been  trained  in  entomological  work  and  whose  known  work  or 
published  papers  show  him  to  be  capable  of  conducting  original  work  in  economic 
entomology. 

That  the  term  "practical  entomologists."  referring  to  associate  members,  be 
held  to  indicate  persons  who  have  done  general  work  in  entomology  and  who 
have,  by  published  papers  or  otherwise,  given  evidence  of  their  attainments  in 
such  work. 

That  associate  members  be  listed  separately  in  the  published  roll,  or  the  fact 
that  they  are  associate  members  be  indicated  in  the  list. 

The  committee  on  nomenclature  made  the  following  recommenda- 
tions : 

That  there  be  published  a  list  of  species,  giving  a  single  name,  the  one  current 
for  a  large  part  of  the  world  or  throughout  the  range  of  the  species,  and  that 
every  entomologist  be  urged  to  use  this  name,  and  this  only,  for  an  English 
name  in  his  publications,  and  that  the  Latin  name  be  included  but  once,  and 
in  as  inconspicuous  a  manner  as  possible. 

That  copies  of  this  list  be  furnished  to  the  leading  agricultural  papers  of  the 
country,  and  that  the  editors  of  such  papers  be  requested  to  use  these  names, 
and  these  only,  in  all  articles  referring  to  such  species. 

That  a  second  report,  to  include  other  names  in  current  use,  but  which  are 
less  firmly  established,  less  definite  in  application,  or  limited  to  less  territory, 
be  privately  distributed  among  the  members,  the  name  first  given  to  be  the  pre- 
ferred name  and  its  use  alone  urged  wherever  the  entomologist  believes  it  can 
be  done  with  due  regard  to  his  constituency,  and  a  second  local  or  other  name 
used  where  deemed  necessary  for  the  service  of  his  State. 

That  in  choice  of  scientific  names  for  any  species  in  purely  economic  papers, 
care  be  taken  not  to  change  from  a  long-used  and  current  name  to  a  new  or 
resurrected  name  until  its  continual  use  in  scientific  papers  or  adoption  in  a 
monograph  or  catalogue  of  authority  shall  furnish  evidence  that  it  will  remain 
in  use. 

LTST    OF    NAMES    RECOMMENDED    FOR    EXCLUSIVE    USE. 

American        cockroach.        Periplaneta  Bean-weevil.  Bruchus  obtectus  Say. 

umcricana  Linn.  Bedbug.  Clinocoris  lectularia  L. 

Angoumois      grain-moth.          Sitotroga  Boll-weevil.  Anthonomus  grand  is  Boh. 

cercalella  L.  Boll-worm.  Hcliothis  ousolcta  Fab. 

Apple-leaf  skeletonizer,  Canarsia  ham-  Brown-tail    moth.    Euproctis    chrysor- 

mondi  Riley.  rhcea  L. 

Apple-aphis.  Aphis  pomi  L.  Buffalo    tree-hopper,     Ccrcsa     bubal ux 

Army-worm.       Heliophila       unipuncta  Fab. 

Haw.  Cabbage  aphis.  Aphis  brassicce  L. 

Asparagus    beetle.    Crioceris    asparagi  Carpet-beetle.   Anthrenus  scrophulariw 

L.  L. 

Bag-worm,    Thyridopteryx    ephemerce-  Carpet-moth.     Trichophaga     tapetzella 

form  is  Haw.  Linn. 


94 


Cattle-tick,  Boophilus  annulatus  Say. 
Cecropia-moth,  Samia  cecropia  L. 
Chinch-bug,  Blissus  leucopterua  Say. 
Clover-hay  worm.  Hypsopyglo  costalis 

Tah. 

Codling-moth,  Oarpocapsa  pomorn  lla  L. 
Colorado     potato-beetle,     Leptinotarsa 

<i<  cemlineata  Say. 
Cotton-stainer,     Dysdercus     suturellus 

II.  Sell. 

Cottony  maple-scale,  Pulvinaria   innu- 

merabilia  Etathv. 
Cottony  cushion-scale,  Icerya  purchasi 

Mask. 
Fall     canker-worm,     Alsophila     \><>in<- 

taria  Harr. 
Fall     web-worm,     Hyphantria     cunea 

Drury. 
Granary-weevil,  Calandra  granaria  L. 
« rrape-phylloxera,     Phylloxt  m     vasta- 

fri.r  Planch. 
Gypsy-moth,  Porthetria  dispar  L. 
Harlequin      cabbage-bug,      Murgantia 

histrionica  Halm. 
Hessian-fly,  Mayetiola  destructor  Say. 
Honey-bee,  Apis  mellifera  L. 
Hop-aphis,  Phorodon  hamuli  Schrank. 
Horn-fly,  Hcematobia  serrata  u.-D. 
Horse  bot-fly,  Gastrophilus  equi  L. 
House-fly,  Musca  dornestica  L. 
Indian-meal    moth.    Plodia    interpunc- 

tella  Iliihn. 
Larder-beetle,  Dermestes  lardarius  L. 


Leopard-moth.    Zeuzera  pyrina  L. 
Mediterranean    Mom-    moth.    Ephestia 

kuehniella  Zell. 
onion  thrips,  Thrips  tabaci  land. 

Oyster-shell  scale.  Lepid08d phi  s  ulini  L. 

Peach-borer,  Sanninoidea  <.riti<>s<i  say. 
Peach  scale.  Eulecanium  persiece  Fab. 
Pear-slug,      Eriocampoides      iiin<iciii<i 

Etatz. 
Pea-weevil,  Hriulnts  pisorum  L. 
Plum-curculio,  Conotrachelus  nenuphar 

Hbst 
Plum-gouger,     Anthonomua    prunicida 

Walsh. 

Rice-weevil,  Calandra  oryza  L. 
Red-legged   locust.   Melanoplus   femur- 

rubra m  DeG. 
Rose-chafer,    Macrodactylus    subspino- 

8us  Fab. 
San  Jose  scale.  A8pidiotu8  pemicio8U8 

Comst. 

Scurfy  scale.  Chionaspti  furfura  Fitch. 

Silkworm.  Bombyx  mori  Linn. 

Spring    canker-worm.    Paleocrita    w  r- 

//r^r/  Peck. 

Squash-bug,  Ana*a  tristis  DeG. 
Striped  blister-beetle,  Epicauta  v  it  tat  a 

Fab. 
Tarnished  plant-bug,   Lynns  pratensi8 

L. 
Tomato-worm,     Phlegethontius     sexta 

Joh. 


Note. — The  list  of  common  names  of  insects  published  above  differs  radically 
from  that  in  use  in  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  as  regards  the  system  of 
byphenization,  hence  it  should  he  understood  that  it  is  not  authorized  by  this 
Bureau.  — Fi>. 


Mr.  Sanderson  spoke  of  the  possibility  and  desirability  of  there 
being  sonic  publication  which  could  be  regarded  a-  the  semiofficial 
organ  of  the  Association  and  in  which  members  could  publish  eco- 
nomic notes  and  papers.  It  was  moved  and  seconded  that  a  com- 
mittee of  four  he  appointed  to  consider  the  feasibility  of  making  an 
arrangement  with  Entomological  News,  similar  to  that  now  existing 
between  Science  and  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science. 

The  motion  was  carried,  and  the  chair  appointed  as  such  committee 
Messrs.  skinner.  Sanderson,  Smith,  and  Titus. 

The  following  paper  was  presented: 


95 

LABORATORY  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  CARBON  BISULPHID. 

By  F.  L.  Washburn,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn. 

[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

The  committee  on  bibliography  presented  the  following  resolution 
relative  to  the  publishing  of  a  bibliography  of  current  economic 
entomology : 

To  facilitate  the  more  prompt  distribution  of  information  on  the  literature 
of  economic  entomology,  the  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists  respect- 
fully request  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  to  enlarge  its  present  bibliographical  work  in  this  direc- 
tion, in  accordance  with  the  following  suggestions  : 

(1)  That  the  bibliography  now  being  published  by  the  Office  of  Experiment 
Stations  in  the  Experiment  Station  Record  be  issued  also  as  a  separate,  and 
that  a  copy  be  mailed  to  each  member  of  the  Association. 

(2)  That  copies  of  this  bibliography  be  printed  on  stiff  paper  in  such  form 
that  they  may  be  cut  apart  and  used  as  a  card  catalogue,  a  copy  of  this  style 
of  i^sue  to  be  sent  to  each  member  of  the  Association  desiring  it. 

( 3  )  That  the  monthly  reports  be  combined  at  the  end  of  each  year,  properly 
classified  by  subjects,  and  reissued  as  a  special  bulletin  with  full  index.  This 
yearly  bulletin  to  be  published  by  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  or  by  the 
Bureau  of  Entomology,  as  may  be  arranged,  and  to  be  in  effect  a  continuation 
and  supplement  of  the  Bibliography  of  Economic  Entomology,  published  hith- 
erto from  time  to  time  by  the  Bureau  of  Entomology. 

C.  L.  Marl att, 
H.  T.  Ferxald. 
E.    D.    Saxdersox. 

Committee. 

On  motion  the  report  of  the  committee  was  adopted. 

Mr.  Sanderson  reported  for  the  auditing  committee  that  the  report 
of  the  treasurer  has  been  examined  and  found  correct.  On  motion 
the  report  of  the  committee  was  adopted. 

The  following  paper  was  read : 

SOME  NOTES  ON  THE  FUMIGATION  OF  HOUSEHOLD  INSECTS  AND 
THEIR  EGGS  WITH  HYDROCYANIC-ACID  GAS. 

By  J.  L.  Phillips,  Blacksburg,  Va. 

Some  buildings  used  as  living  apartments  near  Blacksburg  were 
found  in  the  early  summer  of  1904  to  be  plentifully  supplied  with 
Clinocoris  lectularia  Linn,  in  all  stages  of  development.  It  was 
finally  decided  to  fumigate  one  of  these  buildings  with  hydrocyanic- 
acid  gas.  The  building  is  a  four-story  brick  and  contains  approxi- 
mately 150.000  cubic  feet  of  air  space  distributed  in  eight  sections. 
The  windows  were  tightly  wedged,  and  then  calked  with  old  cloth 
to  prevent  as  much  as  possible  the  escape  of  the  gas.  The  quantities 
used  were  80  avoirdupois  pounds  of  potassium  cyanide,  90  pounds  of 
sulphuric  acid,  and  -240  pounds  of  water.  The  water  and  acid  were 
first  put  into  the  jars,  of  which  there  were  one  or  more  to  each  section, 


96 

ami  the  cyanide  was  weighed  oul  and  placed  by  the  jars.  Every- 
thing being  in  readiness,  the  attendant-  put  in  the  cyanide  by  begin- 
ning <>n  the  upper  floors  and   passing  rapidly  to  the  lower  floors. 

The  doors  were  then  closed,  locked,  and  kept  >o  for  two  days.  Brick 
walls  being  porous,  and  the  window-  not  a-  tight  as  desired,  much  of 
the  gas  escaped.     Persons  walking  within   LOO  feet  of  the  building, 

on  all  sides  except  that  from  which  the  wind  was  blowing,  could 
detect  the  odor  of  the  gas  the  entire  time.  This  made  it  desirable  to 
lca\c  the  building  closed  for  a.  period  longer  than  usual.  Whan  the 
building  was  opened  two  day-  later  most  of  the  gas  had  escaped. 

The  insects  were  \^vy  abundant  and  in  all  stages  of  growth,  and 
in  many  cases  the  eggs  almost  coated  the  -hit-  on  the  beds.  Many  of 
the  eggs  had  hatched  several  weeks  earlier,  however,  and  it  was  nec- 
essary to  pick-  them  over  carefully  to  find  good  one-  for  observation. 
This  was  done,  and  10  apparently  sound  <'gg>  were  taken  to  the 
laboratory  and  placed  in  "  stender  "  dishes  for  examination  before  the 
charge-  were  placed.  The  day  after  the  building  wa-  opened  101 
eggs  that  had  not  hatched  were  collected,  and  these  also  were  placed 
in  "stender"  dishes  for  examination.  All  of  the  eggs  in  the  first 
lot  (  i.  e..  those  taken  before  fumigating  the  building)  hatched  within 
ten  days.  The  eggs. collected  after  the  building  was  fumigated  were 
examined  every  few  days  for  two  weeks,  but  not  a  -ingle  one  hatched, 
and  they  shriveled  up  and  lost  their  plump  appearance  after  a  few- 
week-. 

An  examination  of  the  insects  the  day  after  the  building  was 
opened  proved  that  all  were  dead  and  no  eggs  appeared  to  hatch 
afterward,  although  examinations  were  made  frequently  for  a  period 
of  several  week-.  Though  this  work  was  done  in  June,  scarcely  an 
insect  could  be  found  in  the  building  as  late  a-  December  22.  This 
appears  to  be  conclusive  evidence  that  fumigation  with  hydrocyanic- 
acid  gas  will  destroy  some  classes  of  insect  eggs.  It  is  likely  to  be 
most  effective  on  those  with  a  large  micropvle.  like1  that  of  the  i 
in  question,  and  might  not  be  effective  on  those  with  heavy  shell- 
suited  to  stand  weather  conditions  in  the  field.  We  are  now  arrang- 
ing to  study  it-  effect  on  the  eggs  of  the  -curly  scale  (Chionaspis 
furfura  Fitch ). 

Rooms  used  for  storing  food  product-  have  been  treated  by  fumi- 
gating with  hydrocyanic-acid  gas  under  our  directions  also.  These 
room-  had   become  Seriously   infested   with   the  croton   bug    (Bldttella 

germaniea  Linn.).  Before  fumigating  these  room-  all  food  prod- 
ucts that  had  been  opened,  such  a-  butter,  lard,  etc.,  in  fact,  all 
material-  with  a  moist  exterior,  were  removed  from  the  building. 
Such  materials  a-  boxed  oatmeal,  coffee,  (lour,  sugar,  canned  goods, 
sealed  packages  of  preserves,  etc.,  were  left  inside. 


97 

The  charges  were  placed  at  night  after  the  workmen  had  left,  but 
one  room  above  was  not  fumigated.  The  next  morning,  after  airing 
the  building  for  a  couple  of  hours,  the  insects  were  brushed  up  and 
destroyed.  Quite  a  number  of  these  insects  were  found  on  the 
upper  floor  where  no  charge  was  placed.  They  appeared  to  have 
been  stupefied,  and  staid  in  that  condition  till  they  could  be  swept 
up  and  destroyed. 


Mr.  Sanderson  had  found  such  fumigation  for  fleas  effective,  even 
under  circumstances  where  eggs  must  have  been  present. 

Mr.  Titus  reported,  however,  that  he  had  known  instances  where 
even  two  or  three  trials  had  failed  to  eradicate  fleas. 

The  following  papers  were  then  read : 

INSECTS  COLLECTED  FROM    THE    FLOWERS  OF  TREE  AND  BUSH 

FRUITS. 

By  W.  E.  Brixton  and  Henry  L.  Viereck. 

[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

A  DESTRUCTIVE  PTINID  NEW  TO  NORTH  AMERICA. 
By  James  Fletcher.  Ottawa.  Canada. 
[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

INJURIOUS  INSECTS  OF  THE  YEAR  IN  CANADA. 

By  James  Fletcher.  Ottawa.  Canada. 
.[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 
The  following  paper  was  then  presented : 

THE  AMOUNT  OF  INJURY  FROM  THE  COTTON  BOLL  WEEVIL. 

By  E.  Dwight  Sanderson.  Durham.  N.  H. 
[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

THE  COFFEE  LEAF-MINER  (LEUCOPTERA  COFFEELLA  Stain). 

By  Mel.  T.  Cook.  Santiago  dr  las  Vegas.  Cuba. 

Probably  the  greatest  enemy  of  coffee  in  the  West  Indies,  and  espe- 
cially in  Cuba,  is  a  small  moth,  the  coffee  leaf-miner  (Leucoptera  cof- 
feella  Stain.).  According  to  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Office  of 
Experiment  Stations  (1903).  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, from  20  to  -10  per  cent  of  the  leaves  on  each  tree  in  Porto  Rico 
were  affected.  The  coffee  on  the  farm  of  the  Cuban  experiment  sta- 
25524— No.  52—05  M 7 


98 

tinn  consisted  entirely  of  small  tree-  and  those  were  seriously  affected. 
Examination  of  trees  on  neighboring  farms  showed  that  frequently  a< 
much  as  56|  per  cent  of  the  leaves  were  affected  and  that  those  plants 
growing  in  the  shade,  or  very  close  together,  were  more  seriously 
affected  than  those  in  the  open.  However,  the  small  trees  upon  the 
experiment  station  farm  were  suffering  more  than  the  large  trees 
upon  the  neighboring  farms. 

LIFE     HISTORY. 

The  adult  insect  is  about  2.5  millimeters  in  length  and  of  a  silver- 
gray  color,  tipped  with  black  on  the  posterior  end.  When  not  in 
flight  the  wings  are  folded  close  to  the  body.  The  length  of  life  in 
the  adult  stage  is  probably  not  more  than  forty-eight  hours,  and  it  is 
improbable  that  the  insect  travels  to  any  great  distance,  unless  carried 
by  air  currents.  Within  twenty-four  hours  after  emerging  from  the 
pupa  the  female  insect  punctures  the  upper  surface  of  the  young  leaf 
and  deposits  her  eggs.  In  fact  the  adults  usually  emerge  from  the 
pupa  during  the  night  and  deposit  their  eggs  during  the  following 
night.  It  i-  possible  with  the  unaided  eye  to  see  the  small  slits  in  the 
leaves,  and  they  are  clearly  visible  with  the  aid  of  a  small  hand  lens. 
Within  four  or  live  days  small  black  spots  surrounding  the  punctures 
make  them  clearly  visible  to  the  unaided  eye  and  indicate  that  the 
eggs  have  hatched  and  that  the  larva'  are  working  within  the  meso- 
phyll of  the  leaf.  The  larva  lives  within  the  mesophyll  of  the  leaf 
for  about  three  weeks,  causing  large,  black,  irregular  spot-. which  indi- 
cate the  area  through  which  the  mesophyll  has  been  destroyed.  Fre- 
quently the  punctures  are  SO  close  together  that  the  galleries  become 
united  into  one  very  large  area.  In  some  cases  every  leaf  on  a  plant 
i-  affected  and  many  of  them  are  entirely  destroyed.  Young  trees 
are  of  ten  entirely  defoliated. 

After  about  three  week-  within  the  leaf,  the  larvae  cut  their  way  otit 
through  the  upper  epidermis  and  in  a  very  short  time  seek  a  protected 
place  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf  and  pupate.  The  larva'  are  :'> 
to  1  millimeters  in  length,  and  in  pupating  first  weave  a  delicate  web 
in  the  form  of  a  letter  H  with  a  very  broad  crossbar.  Between  this 
web  and  the  surface  of  the  leaf  the  -mall  pupa  i-  formed.  The  web 
and  the  pupa  are  very  delicate1  and  are  SO  placed  on  the  under  surface 
of  the  leaf  that  they  are  protected  from  the  excessive  rains  of  the 
rainy  season.  Within  three  to  seven  days  the  adult  moth  comes  from 
the  pupa,  and  the  life  cycle  i>  complete-. 

I  RE  \  IMI.N  1". 

The  locution  of  the  larva  within  the  leaf  makes  any  treatment  at 
tin-  stage  practically  impossible.  However,  the  delicate  character 
of  the  pupa  furnishes  a  vital  point   for  attack,  and  experiment-  were 


99 

commenced  on  August  15,  using  a  kerosene  emulsion  made  with  1 
part  of  kerosene.  1  part  of  whale-oil  soap,  and  8  parts  of  water.  This 
was  applied  to  a  few  plants  to  note  the  effect  of  the  emulsion  upon  the 
plants.  A  few  applications  showed  practically  no  effect,  but  repeated 
applications  showed  the  burning  of  small  spots,  and  also  the  burning 
of  the  tips  of  the  leaves.  However,  the  injury  is  not  sufficient  to  be  of 
any  great  importance. 

An  experiment  to  demonstrate  the  effect  of  the  emulsion  upon  the 
pupae  was  conducted  as  follows :  Two  lots  of  leaves  were  selected  on 
which  were  a  large  number  of  pupae.  One  lot  was  treated  with  the 
emulsion  and  the  other  not  treated,  and  both  lots  put  into  breeding 
cages.  From  the  leaves  not  treated  a  large  number  of  insects  were 
hatched,  while  from  those  treated  only  two  emerged. 

Accordingly,  on  August  18.  experiments  were  commenced  upon  the 
coffee  on  the  Experiment  Station  farm.-  The  coffee  field  contained 
231  plants,  ranging  from  6  inches  to  0  feet  in  height  and  well  shaded 
by  bananas.  All  the  plants  were  badly  affected  at  this  time.  At 
first  the  plants  were  sprayed  on  Mondays  and  Thursdays.  This  was 
continued  until  October  3.  After  that  date  they  were  sprayed  on  Oc- 
tober 13,  IT,  21.  20,  and  31,  and  on  November  5.  The  trees  Avere  num- 
bered, and  a  careful  record  was  kept  of  the  number  of  affected  leaves 
on  each  tree.  From  time  to  time  the  injured  leaves  were  picked  from 
such  trees  as  were  entirely  free  from  recent  attacks.  Care  was  taken 
not  to  pick  the  leaves  from  a  tree  until  it  was  evident  that  the  leaves 
had  been  deserted  by  the  larvae.  These  leaves  were  placed  in  breeding 
cages  and  careful  records  were  kept  of  the  number  of  adults  which 
came  from  them ;  thus  Ave  know  that  only  a  very  few  insects  Avere 
removed  in  this  manner. 

The  picking  of  these  deserted  leaA'es  facilitated  the  work  in  tAvo 
ways:  (1)  The  absence  of  the  old  leaA'es  made  it  very  much  easier 
to  look  for  newly  affected  leaves:  and  (2)  trees  that  Avere  not  affected 
were  not  sprayed. 

For  the  first  six  Aveeks  the  trees  yielded  to  the  treatment  very 
slowly,  and  September  20  only  about  one-third  of  the  trees  were  unaf- 
fected. After  that  date  the  trees  yielded  to  the  treatment  more 
rapidly,  and  on  XoA'ember  5  they  were  absolutely  free  from  the 
insects  and  were  in  excellent  condition.  The  small  trees  responded 
to  the  treatment  much  more  rapidly  than  the  large  ones. 

The  writer  is  reasonably  sure  that  the  treatment  above  described 
is  a  good  one.  but  it  is  impossible  at  this  time  to  say  how  effective  it 
will  prove,  owing  to  the  fact  that  at  this  season  of  the  year  the  insect 
enters  a  quiescent  period  which  pre  vents  our  continuing  the  experi- 
ments or  determining  to  what  extent  the  reduction  Avas  due  to  natural 
causes  and  to  what  extent  to  our  treatment. 


100 
The  following  paper  was  presented: 

GYPSY  MOTH  AND  BROWN-TAIL  MOTH  CONDITIONS  DURING  1904. 

By  C.  L.  Maui. att.  Washington,  D.  C. 

[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.*] 

The  following  two  papers  were  read  by  title: 

BLACK-FLY  STUDIES. 

By  A.  F.  Conbadi,  College  Station,  Tex. 

The  black-fly  (Simuliam  rr,,,isiiti>,  Say)  is  responsible  for  much 
annoyance  in  many  parts  of  New  England,  especially  about  inland 
summer  resorts.  For  some  time  it  has  threatened  the  business  <>!' 
summer  hotels   in   such    localities.     This   post    becomes  troublesome 

about  May  1  in  southern  New  Hampshire  and  about  May  -20  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  State,  according  to  data  gathered  from  different 
hotel  managers  interested  in  the  extermination  of  the  scourge. 

There  is  no  distinct  definition  of  broods:  all  stages  can  he  found 
during  tin1  entire  summer.  The  life  history  lasts  from  five  to  nine 
weeks,  depending  upon  the  conditions  of  the  breeding  places.  Shal- 
low, sunlit  water  rippling  over  a  pebbly  bottom  forms  the  ideal 
breeding  ground.  The  first  experiments  for  the  purpose  of  extermi- 
nating this  insect  that  were  made  in  New  Hampshire  were  at  Dix- 
ville  Notch,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  The  results  were 
recorded  in  the  sixteenth  annual  report  of  this  Association.  Since 
(hat  time  experiments  have  been  continued  by  the  writer  in  several 
parts  of  the  State,  all  of  which  go  to  show  that  this  species  can  be 
reduced  to  an  inconsiderable  pest  in  all  localities  where  it  occurs. 

The  methods  of  extermination  consist:  (1)  In  applying  phinotas 
oil  to  the  breeding  grounds;  (2)  scrubbing  with  stable  brooms 
where  the  breeding  place  covers  a  -mall  area,  and  especially  when 
the  bottom  of  the  stream  is  composed  of  solid  rock:  (3)  damming 
streams;    (  I)    raking  with  iron  rakes. 

The  last  three  methods  are  to  be  employed  when  there  is  danger 
of  killing  the  fish  in  such  streams  as  feed  lakes  reserved  for  fish 
culture. 

The  first  oil  experiments  were  conducted  at  the  Hotel  Balsoms, 
Dixville  Notch.  N.  II..  in  the  waste  way  of  the  hotel  Lake,  which  is 
the  source  of  Mohawk  Creek.  The  breeding  ground  from  which 
the  hotel   was  infested  was  about   5   feet   wide  and  20   feet    long  in  the 

sunlit    waters  of  the   waste   way.     Mere  the  immature  stages  were 

present   at   the  rate  of  64   to  the  square  inch,  making  a  total  of  about 

a  Published  ms  Circular  No.  58.  Bureau  of  Entomology. 


101 

1,000,000  specimens.  With  one-half  gallon  of  oil  this  breeding  place 
was  destroyed,  whereupon  almost  complete  relief  at  the  hotel  fol- 
lowed. 

In  shallow  streams  several  feet  wide  and  half  a  mile  long  the  bot- 
toms were  so  densely  covered  with  larvae  as  to  give  them  the  appear- 
ance of  a  dense  covering  of  moss.  Here  sufficient  black-flics  emerged 
daily  to  make  life  unbearable  for  an  entire  community.  It  required 
only  a  few  minutes  to  put  dams  across  the  streams  to  check  and 
deepen  the  water,  as  a  result  of  which  the  larvae  and  pupa1  died. 

In  Mount  Washington  brook  the  problem  presents  a  different 
aspect.  Damming  would  be  out  of  the  question  in  most  places  on 
account  of  the  boulders  and  the  great  velocity  of  the  current.  Miles 
of  such  breeding  ground  can  be  swept  with  a  stable  broom  or  raked 
with  iron  rakes  in  one  day.  When  such  larvae  are  loosened  and 
carried  to  deep  water,  they  will  die,  but  where  shallow,  noninfested 
water  is  ahead  the  operations  may  simply  transfer  the  breeding 
places.  If  in  such  cases  a  cheese-cloth  net  is  stretched  across  the 
stream,  nearly  all  larva?  can  be  captured.  If  a  stick  pointed  at  one 
end  is  fastened  to  each  end  of  the  cloth,  it  can  easily  be  adjusted  to 
streams  of  any  width  by  winding. 

Through  experiments  made  at  Dixville  Xotch  and  at  Durham, 
X.  H.,  it  was  found  that  5  gallons  of  oil  poured  in  at  the  source  of  a 
stream  averaging  10  feet  wide  and  containing  many  shallow  breed- 
ing places  would  kill  so  many  of  the  larvae  as  to  leave  only  an  incon- 
siderable number  for  a  distance  of  3J  miles,  and  the  water  at  the 
end  of  a  mile  would  not  be  too  offensive  for  cattle  to  drink.  Fish 
apparently  escaped  down  the  stream. 

As  this  species  will  >hift  its  breeding  grounds,  it  is  not  advisable 
to  make  permanent  dams,  but  instead  cheap  water  gates  may  be 
constructed  which  can  be  opened  and  closed  at  will. 

THE    FUMIGATION    OF  A  FRUIT  HOUSE  FOR  CONTROLLING   THE 

CODLING  MOTH. 

By  A.  F.  Burgess.  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Many  larva? -of  the  second  brood  of  the  codling  moth  (Carpocapsa 
pomoneUa  Linn.)  do  not  emerge  from  the  fruit  until  after  it  is 
picked  and  placed  in  storage:  hence  it  is  usually  possible  to  find 
cocoons  in  the  fruit  boxes  or  in  crevices  in  the  fruit  house  during  the 
spring.  Last  April  an  examination  of  the  boxes  in  which  apples 
were  stored  in  a  fruit  house  at  Delaware.  Ohio,  disclosed  the  fact  that 
many  larva1  were  present  within  their  cocoons,  and.  as  the  building 
was  well  constructed,  an  excellent  opportunity  was  offered  for  test- 
ing the  effect  of  hydrocyanic-acid  gas  on  this  insect.  After  remov- 
ing the  fruit  the  empty  boxes  were  allowed  to  remain  in  the  house 


102 

and  die  doors  and  ventilators  were  kepi  open  for  several  days,  so  as 
to  allow  it  to  become  as  warm  as  possible,  in  order  to  render  the 
Ian  re  more  active. 

The  maximum  temperature  from  April  25  to  May  L2,  the  date 
when  the  bouse  was  fumigated,  was  84°  and  the  minimum  33°  F. 
May  1 L,  the  night  before  the  treatment  was  applied,  the  thermometer 
dropped  to  33  .  but  rose  rapidly  the  following  day.  registering 
80°  F.  in  the  afternoon. 

Before  charging  the  house,  my  assistant,  Mr.  Swezey,  who  was  sent 
to  do  the  work,  examined  many  cocoons,  and  active  larvae,  but  no 
pup;c  were  found. 

The  formula  used  was  1  ounce  of  potassium  cyanide  98  per  cent 
pure.  1  fluid  ounce  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  3  fluid  ounces  of  water  to 
each  100  cubic  feet  of  space.  As  the  house  measured  32  by  '24  by  14 
feet,  6|  pounds  of  cyanide  were  required;  thi>  was  divided  into 
three  equal  parts  and  placed  in  separate  jars.  The  ventilators  were4 
tightly  closed  and  the  house  charged  at  3  p.  m..  and  the  door  was 
opened  at  the  expiration  of  twenty  hours.  The  odor  of  gas  was  then 
very  strong,  and.  after  airing  for  one  hour,  Mr.  Swezey  made  an  ex- 
amination of  cocoons  taken  from  several  boxes.  Sixty-nine  worm- 
were  removed  and  placed  in  a  jar.  and  as  about  one-third  of  these 
showed  signs  of  life  when  they  were  taken  the  house  was  closed  and 
allowed  to  remain  so  for  over  a  week. 

An  examination  of  the  worm-  in  the  jar.  which  was  made  five  hours 
after  they  were  taken,  showed  that  3D  were  alive  and  30  were  appar- 
ently dead.  A  final  examination  made  June  '.>  gave  the  following 
data:  28  worms  and  3  pupa1  dead,  and  1  larva.  6  pupae,  and  23  nioth^ 
alive.     Might  larvae  had  escaped  from  the  jar. 

Taking  this  count  as  a  basis,  it  is  evident  that  the  gas  killed  less 
than  1')  per  cent  of  the  worms.  In  removing  the  larva1  from  the 
boxes,  it  was  almost  impossible  to  prevent  injuring  the  cocoons,  and 
in  many  cases  the  Larvae  placed  in  the  jar  left  the  old  cocoons  and  spun 
entirely  new  ones.  This  would  undoubtedly  have  some  influence  on 
the  death  rate,  and  under  normal  conditions,  where  the  cocoons  were 
imdist urbed,  the  treatment  would  not  he  as  effective  as  in  this  instance. 

An  examination  of  cocoons  in  the1  fruit  house  .May  26  showed  that 
less  than  tO  per  cent  of  the  larvae  were  dead,  although  the  house  had 
been  tightly  closed  since  the  day  it  was  first  aired  out.  ami  the  odor  of 
the  gas  was  -till  \rvy  perceptible.  Computing  the  price  of  the  cyanide 
at  30  cents  and  the  acid  at  5  cents  per  pound,  the  cost  of  this  treatment 
was  $2.36.  Had  it  been  effective  in  destroying  the  larva1  it  would 
have  furnished  a  simple  and  comparatively  cheap  method  of  treating 
fruit  houses  and  would  have  been  preferable  to  the  use  of  screens  on 
the  doors  and  ventilators,  which  are  liable  through  carelessness  or 
accident  to  he  left  open  and  give  the  moth-  an  opportunity  to  escape. 


103 

Fumigation  for  a  longer  period  may  be  satisfactory,  but  from  the 
above  experiment  it  appears  that  screens  should  be  used. 


The  following  paper  was  presented : 

THE  IMPORTATION  AND  BREEDING  OF  HONEY  BEES  OF  VARIOUS 

TYPES. 

By  Frank  Benton.  Washington,  D.  C. 

In  these  later  times  when  the  tendency  is  to  specialize  more  and 
more  in  all  lines  of  industry,  there  are  among  bee  keepers  many  who 
devote  themselves  to  one  particular  line  of  their  pursuit,  such  as  the 
production  of  comb  honey  to  the  exclusion  of  extracted  honey,  or.  on 
the  other  hand,  to  the  production  of  extracted  ( or  liquid )  honey 
wholly:  others  turn  the  whole  strength  of  their  apiaries  to  the  roar- 
ing of  queen  bees  of  various  breeds,  which  are  supplied  to  those  en- 
gaged in  honey  production:  others  push  the  multiplication  of  their 
colonies  at  the  expense  of  honey  production,  in  order  to  have  full 
colonies  of  bees  to  sell,  either  singly,  in  lots  of  100  colonies,  or  even 
whole  carloads,  which  are  shipped  into  great  honey-producing 
regions  to  yield  tons  upon  tons  of  beautiful  nectar  for  eastern  and 
foreign  markets.  Then  we  have  the  medium-sized  and  smaller  apia- 
ries, many  of  which  are  devoted  to  two  or  more  of  these  lines  of  work, 
some  even  combining  all  of  them. 

It  would  seem  quite  natural  that  if  any  difference  in  traits  could  be 
discovered  between  various  breeds  or  varieties  of  honey  bees  great 
care  would  be  taken  to  propagate  those  types  possessing  qualities 
which  fitted  them  in  a  more  eminent  degree  than  others  for  any  par- 
ticular purpose  desired  to  be  accomplished,  and.  in  truth,  exactly  this 
has  been  done.  Bees  have  been  found  which  are  naturally  more 
suited  to  a  given  purpose  than  are  other  types,  which,  however,  are 
equally  valuable  in  still  different  lines.  In  fact,  the  differences 
among  bees  are  exactly  comparable  to  those  noted  by  the  raiser-  of 
other  farm  stock.  Among  horses  there  are  the  large  cart  horses  and 
Percherons  for  use  as  draft  animals,  the  fleet  Arabian  for  the  turf, 
the  carriage  horse,  the  general-purpose  horse  for  the  farm.  etc. : 
among  cattle  the  Jersey.  Aldernev.  and  Holstein  for  producing  milk 
and  butter,  the  shorthorn  as  a  beef  animal :  the  shorthorn  and  Devon 
as  draft  animals:  and  similarly  with  sheep  and  swine;  while  even  a 
poultry  raiser  has  his  egg  breeds  and  moat  breeds,  fancy  fowls,  and 
general-purpose  fowls.  It  is.  therefore,  small  wonder  that  for  more 
than  forty  year-  past  great  efforts  have  been  made  to  secure  the  vari- 
ous types  of  honey  bees  found  wild,  and  cultivated  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent,  in  various  regions  of  the  earth. 

Although  about  a  score  of  types,  more  or  les<  distinct  in  markings, 
qualities,  and  habits — some  of  them  no  doubt  deserving  varietal  rank. 


104 

others  perhaps  to  be  regarded  only  a>  subvarieties  or  even  to  be  looked 
upon  as  mere  artificial  breed; — have  been  obtained  and  tested,  there 
Mill  remain  great  regions  yet  to  be  explored  in  this  respect.  The 
honey  bee  is  believed  not  to  have  been  a  native  of  the  New  World,  so 
that  in  the  unexplored  portions  of  South  America  no  varieties  nor 
new  species  of  the  genera  Apis,  Megapis,  nor  Micrapis  are  to  be 
looked  for.  The  interior  regions  of  Africa  may  yet  present  some  new 
types.  It  is  possible,  although  hardly  probable,  that  Australia  may 
possess  some.  The  held  in  the  East  Indian  Islands,  however,  is  far 
more  promising,  while  the  great  central  regions  of  Asia  have  not  been 

touched. 

IMPORTATIONS    OF    VARIOUS    BREEDS. 

The  Qrst  importation-  of  bees  were  doubtless  made  from  England 
in  early  colonial  times,  and  perhaps  from  Holland  and  Spain.  These 
were  the  common  black  or  brown  bees  so  generally  spread  throughout 
the  Eastern  States  previous  to  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  but 
which  only  reached  the  Pacific  coast  in  the  fifties.  They  were  fol- 
lowed by  the  introduction,'  in  the  early  sixties,  of  the  yellow  race 
from  Italy,  imported  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Auricul- 
ture.  Then  followed,  in  1880.  Cyprian,  Syrian,  and  Pale-tine 
bees,  brought  from  their  respective  native  lands  by  the  writer  and 
.Mr.  I).  A.  Jones,  of  Canada.  In  L883  the  peculiar  type  known  as 
"  Carniolan  "  bees,  from  the  province  of  Carniola,  in  southwestern 
Austria,  was  introduced  in  large  numbers  by  the  writer.  A  few 
queens  of  this  race  had  reached  this  country  some  year-  before,  but 
they  were  not  multiplied  to  any  extent,  hence  the  race  had  gained  no 
hold  here  previous  to  my  own  extensive  importations  of  L883. 

.Ju-t  as  happened  in  the  case  of  the  Carniolan-  a  small  number 
of  Caucasians  had  reached  America  a  decade  or  more  before  their 
extensive  introduction:  but.  quite  in  the  same  manner  a-  occurred 
with  the  earlier  importation-  of  Carniolans,  the  efforts  attracted  no 
general  attention  and  the  cultivation  of  Caucasians  was  neglected, 
resulting,  of  course,  in  their  complete  disappearance.  About  1900, 
however,  Rauchfuss  Brothers,  of  Colorado,  with  the  assistance  of  Ger- 
man shippers,  made  fresh  importations.  The  writer's  importations 
direct  from  the  Caucasus  followed  these,  and  last  year  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  at  my  suggestion,  imported  -till 
more.  A-  yet.  however,  the  Caucasians  exist  in  America  in  but  lim- 
ited numbers. 

<v'i    M.iTIl'.s  OF  THESE   Tl  PES. 

(  ommon  black  or  brown  bees. — This  familiar  type  possesses  some 
excellent  traits,  such  as  hardiness,  willingness  to  enter  surplus  honey 
receptacles,  and  activity  during  abundant  honey  flows:  but,  united 
with   these  trait.-,  i-  a  greater  disposition   t<>   rob  during  times  of 


105 

dearth,  due  to  easy  discouragement  when  a  honey  flow  slackens. 
They  defend  their  colonies  less  energetically  than  various  other  types. 
Spitefulness  and  a  ready  disposition  to  fly  at  passers-by,  as  well  as  to 
resent  greatly  any  manipulation  of  the  combs,  are  among  their  unde- 
sirable traits. 

Italians. — These  are  more  active,  more  prolific,  much  gentler  under 
manipulation,  defend  their  hives  better  against  various  bee  enemies, 
and  in  general  are  better  economic  managers. 

Cyprian  and  other  Eastern  types. — The  record  for  the  largest  yield 
of  honey  ever  obtained  from  a  single  colony  is  held  by  the  Cyprians. 
This  is  due  to  a  combination  of  certain  excellent  traits,  such  as  great 
prolificness,  relatively  great  wing  power,  most  wonderful  energy  in 
honey  collecting,  rapid  breeding  in  early  spring,  persistent  and  con- 
tinuous field  work,  even  though  the  return  at  times  be  somewhat  slow, 
together  with  the  best  possible  defense,  of  the  hive  against  enemies 
which  may  tend  to  reduce  its  effective  force.  With  these  traits  the 
Cyprians  combine,  however,  a  degree  of  irascibility  which  renders 
their  general  introduction  as  a  pure  type  inadvisable.  Their  disposi- 
tion to  produce  laying  workers  is  also  great,  and  operates  against 
them.  Another  feature,  which  condemns  them  for  the  production  of 
comb  honey  of  the  very  highest  finish,  is  the  tendency  which  the}^ 
have  of  filling  the  individual  cells  quite  to  the  brim  with  honey,  so 
that  the  wax  cap  rests  flat  upon  the  liquid  and  presents,  therefore,  a 
soaked  or  watery  appearance  instead  of  the  clear  snow-white  surface 
which  certain  other  races  give  to  their  finished  combs.  The  other 
eastern  types  possess  the  same  general  characteristics,  yet  the  excel- 
lent traits  here  indicated  are  in  the  main  less  pronounced  with  them. 

Camiolans. — These  are  radically  different  from  the  bees  just  under 
consideration,  botli  in  appearance  and  characteristics.  Large-bodied, 
gray  in  color,  somewhat  droning  in  flight,  they  present  a  great  con- 
trast to  the  slender,  yellow,  and  nimble-winged  Cyprians.  The  Car- 
niolans,  having  reached  their  development  in  an  elevated  Alpine 
region,  are  distinguished  for  great  hardiness,  the  individual  workers 
being  able  to  stand  a  considerably  lower  temperature  than  those  of 
the  next  hardiest  type — the  blacks.  The  queens  are  very  prolific, 
and  early  brood-rearing  is  the  rule,  so  that  the  decimation  of  colonies, 
so  noticeable  with  blacks  and  Italians  of  pure  blood,  is  reduced  to  a 
minimum  when  only  pure  Carniolans  are  present.  They  possess  the 
excellent  peculiarity  of  capping  their  combs  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
give  them  a  snowy-white  and  very  attractive  appearance.  The 
amount  of  propolis,  or  bee  glue,  gathered  by  them  is  small ;  hence  the 
tendency  to  daub  sections  and  combs  is  less  than  with  any  other  type. 
Their  disposition  is  most  excellent,  enabling  anyone  to  handle  them 
easily  by  the  use  of  a  small  amount  of  smoke. 

Caucasians. — These   bees  have   hardly   been   tested   sufficiently    to 


L06 

enable  me  to  state  exactly  what  their  relative  value  will  be  as  a  pure 
breed.  It  seems,  however,  rather  evident  that  as  crossing  material 
they  will  find  a  certain  place,  since  they  have  at  least  proved  them- 
selves  to  be  excellent  workers  and  most  marvelously  gentle.  Without 
smoke  or  bee  veil  and  with  no  protection  whatever,  the  hives  may  be 
opened  at  all  time-  and  under  any  circumstances  with  no  danger 
whatever  of  stings.  Caucasians  are  particularly  well  adapted  to 
city  bee  keeping,  to  manipulation  by  ladies  and  amateur  bee  keepers, 
and  to  the  purpose  of  studying  bee  life — one  of  the  most  fascinating 
subjects  for  investigation  in  the  whole  realm  of  animated  nature. 
T  believe  that  the  general  introduction  of  these  remarkably  gentle 
bees— the  Caucasians — would  do  more  to  extend  and  popularize  the 
culture  of  bees  in  this  country  than  have  all  of  the  importations  of 
other  races  or  all  of  the  bee-keeping  inventions  since  that  of  the 
Langstroth  frame  hive. 

SECURING    DESIRABLE    TRAITS    BY    CROSS-BREEDING. 

Since  each  one  of  the  above  types  also  possesses,  along  with  its 
excellent  qualities,  some  faults  which  thus  far  have  not  been  entirely 
eradicated  by  selection  in  breeding  these  types  pure,  the  thought  is 
natural  that  by  some  out-cross,  or  series  of  out-crosses,  followed, 
perhaps,  by  continued  selection,  type-  might  be  developed  and  estab- 
lished which  should  present  the  chief  among  the  excellent  traits  in 
ii  pronounced  degree  without  the  undesirable  qualities  or  with  these 
greatly  minimized.  Thus  we  find  that  ever  since  the  introduction 
of  the  Italian  bees  there  have  been  efforts  along  this  line,  and  since 
the  spread  of  the  Italian  bee  has  been  so  general  throughout  the 
country,  especially  among  the  professional  bee  keepers,  there  are 
now  few  apiaries  where  the  original  black  or  brown  bee  exists  in  its 
purity.  Special  -trains  of  the  Italians  have  also  been  produced  in 
different  parts  of  the  country  by  continued  selection,  and  queens  of 
supposed  pure  Italian  blood  are  often  sent  from  this  country  to 
various  portions  of  Europe,  and  occasionally  even  to  Italy  itself. 
The  progeny  of  these  queens  differ  in  important  colorational  feature-. 
a-  well  a-  in  qualities,  from  the  original  type  found  generally  in 
northern  Italy.  The  most  striking  difference  in  appearance  is  that 
in  place  of  the  three  band-  on  the  first,  second,  and  third  anterior 
segments  of  the  abdomen  a  yellow  color  covering  the  whole  of  these 
segments,  and  often  the  fourth  and  fifth  segments,  i-  to  be  -ecu. 
This  result  is  strikingly  illustrative  of  what  can  be  done  with  such 
plastic  material  a-  hone\    bees  by  careful  and  continued  -election. 

The  writer  conceived  nearly  twenty  years  ago  the  idea  that,  not- 
withstanding the  bad  trait-  of  the  Cyprian  race  (this  being  taken  as 
ill.-  best  of  the  Eastern  types)  it  would  be  a  very  desirable  thing  to 
fix    in   a    new    type— hardier  and   gentler  than  Cyprians— the   funda- 


107 

mental  and  strong  characteristics,  as  regards  honey-gathering  powers, 
prolificness.  energy,  and  general  activity,  which  are  inherent  in  this 
lace.  Yet.  in  accomplishing  the  result  ju>t  indicated,  it  was  particu- 
larly desirable  to  avoid  the  extreme  irritability  of  the  eastern  type. 
A  series  of  experiments  was  begun  by  the  writer  in  the  years  1883-84 
in  Munich.  Germany,  and  continued  in  subsequent  years  in  Carniola. 
Austria,  looking  to  the  production  of  a  type  which  should  possess  the 
traits  just  indicated.  After  many  crosses  between  the  queens  and 
drones  of  each  race,  starting  at  times  with  the  Cyprian  and  again 
with  the  Carniolan.  it  seemed  apparent  that  the  temper  and  consti- 
tution were  largely  derived  from  the  male  side,  while  prolificness 
and  energy  in  honey  production  seemed  likely  to  be  transmitted  from 
the  female  side.  The  proposition  was.  therefore,  laid  down  that  in 
all  crosses  the  drones  must  come  from  a  gentle,  hardy  race,  while  the 
mothers  were  to  be  selected  from  a  race- noted  for  prolificness.  early 
breeding  qualities,  and  whose  worker  bees  showed  the  highest  energy 
in  honey  collecting.  As  representing,  at  that  time,  the  two  types 
which  had  best  be  utilized  in  this  combination  the  Cyprians  were 
selected  for  the  blood  of  the  queens  and  the  Carniolans  to  produce 
the  males:  the  resulting  product,  in  order  to  indicate  its  origin,  was 
named  the  Cyprio-Carniolan.  ^ince  the  year  1885  these  bees  have 
been  bred  and  tested  under  most  varying  conditions,  with  the  result 
that  wherever  the  principles  above  mentioned  have  been  followed 
in  their  selection  and  breeding  they  have  given  great  satisfaction  as 
to  the  quantity  of  honey  obtained.  Indeed,  a  practical  honey  pro- 
ducer in  southern  California  stated  recently  that,  while  he  was 
obliged  to  feed  his  Italian  bees  during  this  dry  year  to  keep  them 
from  starving'  the  crosses  obtained  with  the  Cyprian  race  had  >ome 
30  to  10  pounds  in  each  of  their  colonies.  In  form  and  coloration 
the  Cyprio-Carniolans  approach  more  nearly  the  Cyprian  type  than 
the  Carniolan.  'Likewise  m  their  manner  of  flight  and  many  other 
peculiarities  they  resemble  the  Cyprians;  but  in  hardiness  and.  to  a 
great  extent,  in  temper,  particularly  in  their  readiness  to  yield  to 
smoke,  they  resemble,  to  quite  a  degree,  the  Carniolan  race. 

These  experiments,  which  have  been  carried  on  in  recent  years  in 
my  private  apiaries  in  and  near  the  city  of  Washington,  have  fre- 
quently enabled  me  to  secure  considerable  material  illustrating  vari- 
ability in  the  crossing  of  different  types:  and  this  has  been  of  some 
service,  also,  to  various  worker-  in  zoology  who  have  taken  up 
problems  of  this  nature. 

FUTURE    AVORK. 

In  view  of  the  results  obtained  by  the  use  of  males  of  a  gentler  race, 
the  plan  is,  during  the  coming  year,  to  utilize  in  this  respect  the  newly 
imported  Caucasians,  producing  thus  the  Cyprio-Caucasian  type  and 


108 

Likewise,  as  :i  further  test  of  the  principle,  the  Carnio-Caucasian 
type.  We  may  confidently  expect  excellent  combinations  from  the 
crossing  of  females  of  either  of  these  prolific  races  ( the  Carniolan  and 
Cyprian)  with  males  of  the  extremely  gentle  Caucasian  race1.  The 
mating  of  the  Cyprian  with  the  Caucasian  particularly  will,  it  is 
believed,  produce  a  type  even  gentler  than  mating  Cyprian  with 
Carniolan;  while  in  mating  a  Carniolan  queen  to  a  Caucasian  drone 
bees  will  he  produced  that,  while  exceedingly  gentle,  will,  I  feel  confi- 
dent, be  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  comb  honey  of  high  grade. 

It  is  proposed,  in  the  future  work  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  along  this  line,  to  carry  forward,  in  an  apiary  which 
the  Department  has  recently  acquired,  further  investigations  and 
breeding  of  various  races  of  bees  now  in  this  country:  and  also  to 
extend  the  work  so  as  to  include  an  examination,  test,  and  possible 
importation  of  the  giant  bee  of  East  India  (Megapis  dorsata)  and 
that  of  the  Philippine  Islands  (Megapis  zonata)^  as  well  as  the  com- 
mon East  Indian  species  (Apis  indica),  which  is  now  cultivated  to  a 
limited  extent.  The  first  and  last  mentioned  of  these  bees  were  quite 
imperfectly  investigated  by  the  writer  in  India  in  1881,  previous  to 
his  connection  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  Unfortunately, 
;i  severe  attack  of  jungle  fever  cut  short  his  work  at  that  time  and 
obliged  him  to  leave  India  at  once. 

I  look  forward  with  great  interest  to  the  possibility — I  might  say 
the  probability — that  additional  valuable  types  of  honey  bees,  of 
which  we  have  as  yet  only  vague  accounts,  will  be  found  in  the  great 
central  Asian  area  eastward  and  southeastward  from  Persia,  particu- 
larly in  the  elevated  valleys  of  the  Himalayan  Mountains  and  in  the 
plateaus  to  the  north  and  northeast  of  the  main  range. 


Mr.  Washburn  asked  whether  the  honey  bees  were  chiefly  respon- 
sible for  the  distribution  of  pear  blight. 

Mi-.  Benton  answered  that  he  believed  not.  because  other  insects 
did  the  same  work,  and  if  honey  bees  were  not  present  the  blight 
would  be  spread  quite  the  same. 

On  motion.  Mr.  F.  M.  Webster  was  elected  to  succeed  himself  as  a 
member  of  the  committee  on  nomenclature,  for  three  year-. 

On  motion, it  was  resolved  that  the  next  meeting  be  held  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
the  exact  date  to  be  left  to  the  executive  committee. 

The  meeting  was  then  adjourned. 

II.  E.  Summers,  Si  en  tary* 


LIST   OF    MEMBERS    OF   THE    ASSOCIATION    OF    ECONOMIC 
ENTOMOLOGISTS. 

ACTIVE  MEMBERS. 

Aldrich.  J.  M..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Moscow.  Idaho. 

Alwood,  William  B.,  Charlottesville.  Va. 

Ashmead.  William  H.,  U.  S.  National  Museum.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Baker.  C.  F..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Santiago  de  las  Vegas.  Cuba. 

Ball,  E.  D..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Logan.  Utah. 

Banks.  C.  S..  Bacolod.  Negros.  P.  I. 

Banks.  Nathan.  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Bethune.  C.  J.  S..  500  Dufferin  avenue.  London.  Ontario.  Canada. 

Benton.  Frank.  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Bishopp.  F.  C.  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Bogue.  E.  E.,  Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Britton.  W.  E..  New  Haven.  Conn. 

Brunei-.  Lawrence.  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Lincoln.  Nebr. 

Brues.  C.  T..  Milwaukee  Public  Museum.  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Burgess.  Albert  F..  State  Department  of  Agriculture.  Columbus.  Ohio. 

Busck.  August.  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Caudell.  A.  N.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Chambliss,  C.  E.,  Clemson  College,  S.  C. 

Chittenden.  F.  II..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Clifton.  R.  S..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Cockerell.  T.  D.  A..  Boulder,  Colo. 

Comstoek.  J.  H..  Cornell  University.  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Cook,  A.  J..  Pomona  College.  Claremont.  Cal. 

Cook.  Mel.  T..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Santiago  de  las  Vegas.  Cuba. 

Cooley.  R.  A.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Bozeman.  Mont. 

Coquillett.  D.  W..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Cordley,  A.  B..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Corvallis.  Oreg. 

Crawford.  J.  C.  jr.,  Dallas.  Tex. 

Dickerson.  Edgar  L..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  New  Brunswick.  N.  J. 

Dyar.  H.  G..  U.  S.  National  Museum.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Ehrhorn,  E.  M..  Mountainview.  Cal. 

Felt.  E.  P..  Geologic  Hall.  Albany.  N.  Y. 

Fernald,  C.  IL.  Agricultural  College.  Amherst.  Mass. 

Fernald.  H.  T..  Agricultural  College.  Amherst,  Mass. 

Fiske.  W.  F..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Fletcher,  James.  Central  Experimental  Farm.  Ottawa.  Canada. 

Forbes.  S.  A..  University  of  Illinois.  Urbana,  111. 

Fowler.  Carroll,  Duarte,  Cal. 

French.  G.  H..  Carbondale.  111. 

Carman.  IL.  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Lexington.  Ky. 

Gibson,  Arthur.  Central  Experimental  Farm.  Ottawa.  Canada. 

Gillette.  C.  P..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Fort  Collins.  Colo. 

Girault.  A.  A..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 

Gossard,  H.  A..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Wooster,  Ohio. 

Gregson,  P.  B..  Blackfolds,  Alberta.  Northwest  Territory.  Canada. 

Hargitt,  C.  W..  Syracuse  University.  Syracuse.  N.  Y. 

(109) 


no 

Hart,  c  a..  University  of  Illinois.  Urbana,  111. 

Beidemann,  Otto,  l  .  s.  Departmenl  ol  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hinds,  w.  P..  p.  s.  Departmenl  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

nine  J.  s..  Ohio  state  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Holland.  W.  .1..  Carnegie  Museum,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Hopkins.  A.  D.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Houghton,  c.  O.,  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Newark,  Del. 

Howard,  L.  O.,  U.  S.  Departmenl  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hunter,  S.  J..  University  of  Kansas.  Lawrence.  Kans. 

Hunter.  W.  P..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Johnson,  s.  Arthur,  state  Agricultural  College,  Port  Collins,  Colo. 

Kellogg,  Vernon  L.,  Stanford  University,  Cal. 

Kineaid.  Trevor.  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Klrkland,  A.  H.,  Maiden.  Mass. 

Kolinsky.  .1..  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

Lochhead,  William.  Guelph,  Ontario. 

Marlatt.  C.  L.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Martin.  George  W..  State  Entomologist,  Nashville.  Term. 

McCarthy.  Gerald,  care  of  Crop  Pest  Commission,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Morgan,  H.  A.,  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

Morrill,  A.  W..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington.  I),  c. 

Murtfeldt,  Miss  M.  E.,  Kirkwood.  Mo. 

Newell,  Wihnon,  La.  Crop  Pest  Coinni..  Shreveport.  La. 

Osborn,  Herbert,  Ohio  state  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Parrott,  P.  J..  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

Pergande,  Th.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Perkins,  G.  II..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Burlington,  Vt. 

Pettit.  R.  II..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Phillips,  J.  L.,  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Blacksburg,  Va. 

Phillips,  W.  .1..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  I).  C. 

Pierce,  w.  D.,  Dallas.  Tex. 

Piper,  < '.  V.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Popenoe,  E.  A.,  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Manhattan.  Kans. 

Pratt,  I".  C,  U.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Quaintance,  A.  L..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Reeves,  George  L,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Rumsey,  W.  P..  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Morgantown,  W.  Va, 

Sanborn,  C.  P..  College  station.  Tex. 

Sanderson,  P.  Dwight,  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Durham,  x.  II. 

Saunders,  William.  Centr.  Expt.  Farms,  Ottawa.  Canada. 

Schwa rz,  E.  A..  P.  S.   Department  of  Agriculture,   Washington.  I),  c. 

Scott,  w.  M-.  P.  s.  Department  <»f  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Sherman,  Franklin,  jr.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Sirrine,  F.  A..  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Jamaica,  N.  V. 

Skinner.   Henry,    1900  Race  Street,   Philadelphia.  Pa. 

Slingerland,  M.  v..  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Ithaca.  N.  Y. 

smith.  J.  P..  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

Snow,  F.  II..  Lawrence,  Kans. 

Stedman,  J.  M..  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Columbia,  Mo. 

Summers,  H.  P..  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Ames.  [owa. 

Surface.  H.  A.,  state  Zoologist,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Symoiis.  t.  P..  Agr.  Expt.  Sta.,  Collegepark,  Md. 

Taylor,  P.  P.,  University  of  Illinois.  Urbana,  111. 

Titus,  P   s.  <;..  P.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 


Ill 

Van  Dine.  D.  L..  Government  Entomologist.  Honolulu.  Hawaii. 
Yiereck.  H.  L..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  New  Haven.  Conn. 
Waldron,  B.  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  New  Haven.  Conn. 
Walker.  C.  M.,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Washburn.  F.  L..  Agr.  Exp't  Sta.,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn. 
Webster.  F.  M..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington.  D.  C. 
Weed.  C.  M..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Durham.  N.  H. 
Wilcox,  E.  V.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 
Woodworth,  C.  W.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

ASSOCIATE  MEMBERS. 

Adam,  M.  F.,  City  Bank  Building.  Buffalo,  X.  Y. 
Barber.  H.  S..  U.  S.  National  Museum.  Washington,  D.  C. 
Beckwith,  H.  M.,  Elmira.  N.  Y. 

Bentley,  Gordon  M.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Raleigh,  X.  C. 
Bullard,  W.  S.,  301  Lafayette  street.  Bridgeport,  Conn. 
Burke,  W.  E.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D,  C. 
Campbell,  J.  P.,  Athens.  Ga. 

Collins,  Lewis,  177  Remsen  street,  Brooklyn,  X.  Y. 
Conradi,  A.  F.,  College  Station,  Tex. 

Couden.  F.  D.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington,  D.  C. 
*Currie,  R.  P.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington,  D.  C. 
Dean,  Harper,  jr..  Blacksburg,  Ya. 
Doran,  E.  W..  Champaign.  111. 

Engle,  Enos  B.,  Department  of  Agriculture.  Ilarrisburg.  Pa. 
Frost.  II.  L..  21  South  Market  street.  Boston.  Mass. 
Gifford,  John.  Mays  Landing.  X.  J. 

Gould,  H.  P.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington,  D.  C. 
Green,  E.  C.  College  Station,  Tex. 

Harrington,  W.  H.,  Post-Office  Department.  Ottawa,  Canada. 
Hooker,  W.  A..  Amherst,  Mass. 

Hudson.  G.  H.,  Xormal  and  Training  School,  Plattsburg,  X.  Y. 
Isaac,  John,  Sacramento,  Cal. 

Johnson.  W.  G.,  52  Lafayette  place.  Xew  York,  X.  Y. 
Johnson,  S.  Arthur,  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 
King,  George  B.,  Lawrence.  Mass. 

Mann,  B.  P.,  1918  Sunderland  place.  Washington,  D.  C. 
Martin.  Leslie,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 
MacGillivray,  A.  D..  Cornell  University.  Ithaca.  X.  Y. 
Morgan,  A.  C,  Dallas.  Tex. 

Mosher,  F.  H..  283  Pleasant  -treet.  Maiden.  Mass. 
Xiswander,  F.  J.,  2121  Evans  street.  Cheyenne.  Wyo. 
Palmer,  R.  M..  Victoria.  British  Columbia. 

Phillips,  E.  F..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington,  D.  C. 
Price,  H.  L.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Blacksburg.  Ya. 
Quayle.  II.  J..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Berkeley,  Cal. 
Bane,  F.  W.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Durham.  X.  II. 
Rankin,  John  M..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 
Reed.  E.  B.,  Esquimault.  British  Columbia. 
Riley.  W.  A..  Cornell  University.  Ithaca,  X.  V 
Roll's.  I'.  II..  Miami.  Fla. 

Sanders,  J.  G..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C 
Smith.  R.  I.,  Atlanta.  Ga. 
Southwick,  E.  B.,  Arsenal  Building.  Central  Park,  Xew  York,  X.  Y. 


112 

Stints. .ii.  . Funics.  Watsonville.  Cal. 
ey,  0.    1 1..  ( '"luinbus.  ( >hio. 

Thaxter,  Roland,  •*'.  Scotl  street,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Tourney1,  J.  W.,  Vale  Forest  School.  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Townsend,  C.  II.  T.,  El  Paso,  Tex. 

Webb,  J.  L.,  F.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington)  D.  C. 

XOUng,  I).  B.,  Albany.  X.  V. 

FOREIGN  MEMBERS. 

Ballon.  IT.  A..  Imperial  Department  of  Agriculture,  Barbados.  West  Indies. 

Rerlese,  Dr.  Antonio.  R.  Stazione  di  Entomologia  Agraria,  Firenze,  Italy. 

Bordage,  Edmond,  Directeur  de  Musoe,  St.  Denis.  Reunion. 

Bos,  I  >r.  J.  Ritzema,  Willie  Commelin  Scholten.  Amsterdam,  Netherlands. 

Carpenter,  Dr.  George  II..  Royal  College  of  Science.  Dublin.  Ireland. 

Cholodkosky,  Prof.  Dr.  X..  Institut  Forestier,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 

Collinge,  W.  E.,  University,  Birmingham,  England. 

Danysz,  J.,  Laboratoire  de  Parasitologic,  Bourse  de  Commerce,  Paris,  France. 

Enock,  Fred,  b'.  Tufnell  Park  road.  Holloway,  London.  X..  England. 

French,  Charles.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Melbourne.  Australia. 

Froggatt,  W.  W.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Sydney.  New  South  Wales. 

Fuller,  Claude.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Pietermaritzburg,  Natal,  South  Africa. 

Giard,  A.,  14  Rue  Stanislaus.  Paris.  France. 

Goding,  F.  \\\.  Newcastle,  New  South  Wales. 

Grasby,  W.  <  ..  Grenfell  street,  Adelaide.  South  Australia. 

Green,  E.  E.,  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Pundaluoya,  Ceylon. 

Helms,  Richard.  136  George  street,  North  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

Ilorvath.  Dr.  G.,  Musee  Nationale  Hongroise,  Budapest,  Austria-Hungary. 

Jablonowski,  .loscf.  Budapest,  Hungary. 

Lampa.  Prof.  Sven,  Statens  Entomologiska,  Anstalt,  Stockholm.  Sweden. 

Lea,  A.  .M..  Department  of  Agriculture,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 

Leonardi,  Gustavo,  Portici,  Italy. 

Lounsbury,  Charles  P.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Cape  Town.  South  Africa. 

Mally,  C.  W.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony. 

Marchal,  Dr.  Paul.  IG  Rue  Claude,  Bernard,  Paris,  France. 

Musson.  Charles  T.,  Hawkesbury  Agr.  College,  Richmond,  New  South  Wales. 

Nawa,  Xasushi,  Gifu,  Japan. 

Newstead,  Robert,  Univ.  Sch.  of  Tropical  Medicine.  Liverpool,  England. 

Peal,  II.  W.,  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta,  India. 

Porchinski,  Prof.  A.,  Ministere  de  I'Agrleulture,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 

Reed,  E.  C,  Rancagua,  Chile. 

Reuter,  Dr.  Eftnzio,  Fredriksgatan  45,  Ilcis'mcrfors,  Finland.  Russia. 

Sajo,  Prof.  Karl,  Godollo-Veresegyhaz,  Austria-Hungary. 

Schoyen,  Prof.  w.  .M..  Zoological  Museum,  Christiana,  Norway. 

Shipley,  Prof.  Arthur  E.,  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  England. 

Simpson,  C.  P..  Pretoria,  Transvaal,  South  Africa. 

Tepper,  .1.  G.  0.,  Norwood,  Stfuth  Australia. 

Theobald,  Frederick  v..  Wyeeourt  Wye,  Kent  county.  England. 

I'll pson,  Rev.  Edward  I!..  Franklin,  Tasmania. 

Tryon.  n..  Queensland  Museum,  Brisbane,  Queensland,  Australia. 
I'i'kIi.  F.  \\\.  Victoria  Institute,  Por1  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  West   indies. 
Vermorel,  v..  Villefranche,  Rhone,  France. 
Whitehead,  Charles,  Banning  House.  .Maidstone.  Kent.  England. 


INDEX 


Pa-'e. 

Abstracts  of  papers,  committee,  names 93 

lltural  methods,  reduction  of  insect  losses 13-14 

ilture.  benefits  from  entomology  and  other  sciences 

Alabama  argiih  irgia  report  for  1904  {see  also  "Army  worm") 7" 

Anabrus  simplex.     >"  Cricket,  Mormon. 

Anasa  tristis,  squash  bug.  Obio  report  for  1904 50 

■  Tii  senatorial  Georgia  report  for  1904 ~- 

Ant.  Iridomyrmex  humilis,  distribution  and  depredations  {see  also  Ants    .   v". -M 

of  slave  insects I 

life  history,  notes 7'.*.  ">4 

nee  etc,  remarks 79 

"New  Orleans."  report  by  E.  S.  <;.  Titu< 79-84 

Anthomyia  rartieum.  Colorado  report  for  1904 

Anthonomus  grandis.     See  Boll  weevil. 

Anthrenus  verbasci,  cabinet  beetle,  obserrations 

Ants,  common,  destruction  by  ant.  Iridomyrmex  humilis  {see  also  Ant) 83 

Cuban,  destructive  habits 

remedies  for  prevention  and  destruction ^4 

Aphides,  distribution  and  care  by  ants 

Aphis,  apple.  Colorado  report  for  1904 

Aphis  gossypii,  melon  aphis.  Colorado  report  for  1904 

.  peach  aphis.  Colorado  report  for  1904 

pomi,  green  apple  aphis.  Colorado  report  for  1904 

prunifoliat,  plum  aphis.  Colorado  report  for  1904 "v 

Apis  indica,  East  Indian  bee.  study 108 

Apple  aphis.  Colorado  report  for  1904 

infestation  with  codling  moth  in  Colorado  in  1904 

injury  by  insects  in  Georgia  in  1904 7" 

maggot.  Ohio  report.  1904 

varieties  affected  by  leaf-hopper.  Empoas  4.". 

"Army  worm."  or  leaf  worm,  value  in  control  of  cotton  boll  weevil 

Arsenate  of  lead,  handling  and  usefulness 

u<e  against  codling  moth  in  Colorado  in  1904 58 

grapevine  rootworm  in  New  York 

soda,  insecticide  use.  note 7:: 

Arsenates,  use  against  sweet  potato  weevil 67 

Ash  trees,  injury  by  insect.  Dynastes  tUyus,  in  Georgia,  note 7l' 

Aspidiotus  forbesi,  cherry  scale.  Colorado  report  for  1904 

hotcardi,  Colorado  report  for  P><>4 59 

-     scald. 

Atta  insularis,  Cuban  ant.  habits •_".» 

Audubon  Park.  La.,  observation  of  first  appearance  of  ant.  Iridomyn 

humilis 79 

Aulacaspis  rosw,  Colorado,  1904,  report  of  first  appearance 

Bagworm.  Ohio  report.  19<"m 

Balaninus  caryw,  Georgia  report  for  irx*4:   parasite 7".  7.-; 

Balm  of  Gilead.  insect  infestation  in  Colorado  in  lf*M:.  note 59 

Balsam,  injury  by  buffalo  tree-hoppers,  note 

Bedbug  {Clinocoris  lectularia),  destruction  by  hydrocyanic-acid  gas 

< 113  i 
52—05  li S 


114 

Page. 

Bees,  desirable  traits  secured  by  cross-breeding 106-107 

future  work  in  improve m         , 107-108 

giant,  Bast  [ndia  and  Philippine,  possible  Importation 108 

boney,   various  types,   importation   and   breeding,   paper  by   Frank 

Benton 103-108 

types  or  breeds,  characteristics 104-106 

various  breeds.  Importation 104 

Beet  leaf-miner,  Colorado  report  Cor  i!><ii , 61 

webworm,  Colorado  report  for  1904 . <;<» 

Beetle,  leaf,  elm.  appearance  at  Dayton,  Ohio 50 

powder  post,  injury  to  electric  cars 53  54 

See  also  Ladybird  and  Flea. 
Benton,  Frank,  paper  on  "Importation  and  breeding  of  honey  bees  of 

various  types  " 103-108 

Bibliography,  committee  report,  adoption 95 

Blackberry,  infestation  by  Aulacaspi8  rosce,  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

Black-fly,  methods  of  extermination 100 

studies,  paper  by  A.  F.  Conradi 100-101 

Blatella  germanica,  fumigation  with  hydrocyanic-acid  f,ras 96-97 

Missus  leucopterus.    sec  chinch  bugs. 

Boll  weevil,  cotton,  broods,  occurrence 37,  38 

control,  relation  of  winter 15 

Cuba,    occurrence 29 

cultural  methods  for  control 39-40 

destruction  in  hibernation  by  rain 33 

emergence,  relation  of  weather  conditions 33 

extent  of  infested  area  of  Louisiana  and  Texas 15 

farming  methods  as  menus  of  control 14-17 

hibernation,  frost  effects,  food  supply,  etc 29,30,31 

hypothesis  for  date  of  maximum  emergence 34-37 

identification,  confusion  with  Chalcodermus  ceneus 71 

increase  in  numbers  with  advance  of  season 38 

legislation  for  restriction,  remarks 20 

numbers  hibernating  and  kinds  of  shelter 31 

observations,  paper  by  E.  Dwight  Sanderson 29-41 

problems  of  interstate  relations 4<>— II 

remedies,   remarks •■'>'•» 

stalk  destruction  as  only  remedy 40 

$50,000  reward  for  control,  results  of  Texas  offer 16 

Bordeaux  mixture,  use  for  San  Jose  scale 26 

Borer,  oak,  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

Box  elder,  infestation  with  gall-makers,  note ~>7 

Breeding  and  importation  of  honey  bees  of  various  types,  paper  by  Frank 

Benton    103-108 

cross,  for  bees,  securing  of  desirable  traits 1<"'. 

-round,   black-fly 1<><».  L01 

mosquitoes.  Texas  observation 68 

sweel  potato  weevil.  Texas  observation 67 

Breeds,  various,  of  bees,  importations 104 

BrittON,    W.    E.,   paper  on   -The   fall    webworm   partially   double   brooded 

in   Connecticut" fz~}'] 

Broods, boll  weevil,  occurrence    37,38 

Hessian  fly,  southern  United  States,  note   71 

Mormon  cricket  (Anabrus  simplex),  notes   62,63,64 

sugar-beet  webworm,  comparison  of  injuries 60 

Buffalo  tree-hopper,  New  York  report,  1904 51 

BURGESS,    A.    I'.,    paper  on   •'Some  economic   insects   for   the  year    T.M>4   in 

Ohio"    52-55 

"The  fumigation  of  a  fruit  house  for  control- 
ling codling  moth - 101-103 

By  laws,  Association  of  Econ i<-  Entomologists,  amendments      0:> 

Cabinet  beetle,    inthrenus  verbasci,  additions  to  our  knowledge,  paper  by 

Henry  I..  Vlereck                               ,s  [\\ 

Cankerworm,  spring,  Ohio  report,  1904 —  53 

Carbon  bisulphid,  use  against  ants,  note    s] 

-wool   potato  weevil  <J7 


115 

Pasre. 

Carniolan  bees,  characteristics 105 

Oarpocapsa  pomonella.     See  Codling  moth. 

Carpophilus  dimidiates,  Georgia  report  for  1904 71 

Caterpillar,  tent.  Ohio  report,  1904 

Caucasian  bees,  characteristics 105-106 

Caustic  soda  solution,  experimental  use  against  San  -  ale 2 

idomyia  spp.     See  Gall  makers. 

Cecidoniyiidae,  member  of  family  as  enemy  of  grape 54-55 

w  bubalus,  New  York  report,  1904 51 

Ceroplastes  ftoridensis,  distribution  and  care  by  ants 80 

Chalcodermus  ■  irgia  report  for  1904,  injury  to  cotton 70-71 

Cherry  aphis,  black.  Colorado  report  for  1904 58 

scale.  Colorado,  1904,  report  of  first  appearance 59 

Chicago,  work  against  cottony  maple  scale 89-91 

Chilocorus  bivulnerus,  check  on  San  Jose  scale 75 

similis.     See  Ladybird. 

Chinch  bags,  Minnesota,  report  for  1904 56 

Ohio  report.  1904 

Chionaspis  furfura,  proposed  cyanide  fumigation 96 

Chrysochus  auratus,  Georgia  report  for  1904 70 

Chrysomyia  macellaria,  occurrence  in  Ohio  in'  1904 50 

Cicada.  Ohio  report  for  1904 

Citrus  trees,  infestation  by  mealy  bugs  under  care  of  ants 81 

Climate,  relation  to  cotton  boll  weevil  control 15 

Climatic  conditions,  importance  in  cotton  boll  weevil  control 41 

Clinocoris  lectularia,  destruction  by  hydrocyanic-acid  fumes 

Coal  oil,  use  against  ant.  Iridomprmex  humilis  [see  nisi,  Kerosene  1 82   34 

Coeeid;e.  Cuban,  note U'.< 

inellid,  Minnesota  report  for  1904  Ladybird  1 57 

Codling  moth.  Colorado  report  for  1904 

fumigation  of  fruit  house  for  control 101—103 

rgia  report  for  1904 7"' 

Ohio   report.    1904 51,53 

Coffee  leaf-miner,  remark:    discussion   {see  also  Leaf-miner  1 28,  97-99 

trees.  Porto  Rico,  infestation  with  leaf-miners 97—98 

Colaspis  f  Georgia  report  for  1904 7" 

Coleoptera.  genera  subject  to  legislation 

pterous   insects.   Cuba,   note 20 

College  Station.  Tex.,  observations  on  cotton  boll  weevil 30,31,. 

sweet-potato    weevil    and    mosqui- 
toes      67 

Colleges,  agricultural,  economic  entomology,  teaching,  note 11 

Colorado,  insects  of  the  year.  1904,  paper  by  C.  P.  Gillette ' 

Mormon   cricket    (.!/<■                   plex),   distribution   and   migra- 
tions, paper  by  S.  Arthur  Johnson I  _ 

Committees,  association,  appointment U-".  74.  '.»4 

reports 92,  93,  94,  95 

Connecticut,  broods  of  fall  web-worm,  discussion li'—to 

'         tracheitis  nenuphar.     Set  Curculio,  plum. 

Conradi.  A.  F..  paper  on  "Black-fly   studies" 100-101 

"Miscellaneous  notes  [on  insects]  from  Texas" 

Cook.  Mel  T..  paper  on  "  Notes  on  Cuban  insects" 28-29 

"The  coffee  leaf-miner  {Leucoptera  coffeella)" '.'7-0'.. 

Corn,  insect  injuries  in  Georgia  in  1904 72 

root-worm.  Ohio  report.  1904 

Corrosive  sublimate,  failure  as  remedy  for  powder  post  beetle .",4 

n  boll  weevil.     See  Boll  weevil. 

cultural  methods  as  remedy  for  boll  weevil 39-40 

earliness  of  maturity  as  factor  against  boll  weevil 

growing,  methods  for  control  of  boll  weevil 14-17 

insect  injuries  in  Georgia  in  P.k»4 7".  71 

planting,  changes  of  practices,  enforcement  proposed 

price,  relation  of  boll  weevil,  note 41 

squaring,  time  of  boll  weevil  attack 

stalks,  destruction  as  method  of  weevil  control 31,40 


116 

Page. 

Cotton-seed  meal,  Insect  depredation  __  7^ 

Cottonwoods,  insect  injury  in  Colorado  Id  r.><>4 59 

Cow  pc.is.  relation  to  injury  of  cotton  i>y  Chalcodermus  wneus     7<>.  71 

•'Crazy  ant."     See  Ant  "  Now  Orleans." 

Creosote,  failure  as  remedy  t*«>r  powder  post  beetle 54 

Crepidodera  rttflpes,  injury  to  pouch  orchard  in  Ohio 53 

Cricket,  Mormon  {Anabrus  simplex),  distribution  and  migrations  in  Colo- 
rado, paper  by  s.  Arthur  Johnson 62  66 

conclusions  from  study  of  migrations  and  distribution  65  66 

or  Idaho.  Colorado  report  for  1904 t;i 

Crop  areas,   increases  as  shown  by  Twelfth  Census ti 

growing  methods  for  insecl  control 14 

Crops,  farm,  insect  enemies  in  Colorado.  1904 60 

losses  by  insects  and  savings  by  economic  entomology 12 

Cross-breeding  bees,  securing  of  desirable  traits 106 

Croton  bug,  fumigation  with  hydrocyanic-acid  gas 96  97 

Cryptocephalus  obsoletus,  Georgia  report  for  1904 72 

Gryptorhynchus  lapatht     Sec  Curculio  and  Willow  weevil. 

Cuban  experiment  station,  coffee  leaf-miner 97-98 

insects,  notes,  paper  by  Mel  T.  Cook—:. 28-29 

Culicida?,  mosquitoes,  publications 22-23 

Curculio,    imported   willow.    Minnesota    report    for    1(.»<>4 56-57 

plum,   injury  to  peaches  in  Georgia   in    1(.»<i4 69 

Minnesota   report   for  1904 56 

Ohio  report.   1!>04 51 

Currants,    insect    attacks   in   Colorado   in   1(.»>4.   note 59 

Cyanide.     See   Potassium   cyanide. 

Cylas  formicarius.     See   Weevil,  sweet-potato. 

Cyprian  and  other  Eastern  bees,  characteristics 105 

Cyprio-Carniolan   bees,  desirable  traits 107 

Diabrotica  12-punctata,  Georgia  report  for  1904 70 

longicomis,  Ohio  report,  l!><>4 51 

Diatrwa  saccharalis,  Georgia  report  for  1!>04 72 

Dust   spray,  experiment  in   Minnesota   against    leaf-hoppers 47 

ihni'istr.s  tit  y  us,  Georgia  report  for  l(.»<>4 72 

.  bedbug,  destruction  by  use  of  hydrocyanic-acid  gas 96 

fall  webworm  {Hyphantria  cunea),  color,  etc.,  remarks .  ;.*; 

Mormon  cricket   {Anabrus  simplex),  notes-     62,63 

sweet-potato  weevil,  notes  from  Texas  for  1(.)04 t;7 

Elm  leaf-beetle,  appearance  at  Dayton.  Ohio 50 

Elms,  infestation  with  leaf-beetle  in  Ohio  in  1904 ">"» 

Emphytus  canadensis,  New  York  report,  I'.»ii4 51 

Empoasca  mali.     See  Leaf  hopper. 

Entomological  events,  most   important   in  recent  years,  note 21 

investigation,  promising  field :">7 

News,   proposal    as   semiofficial    organ   of   association,    com- 
mittee      04 

Entomologists,  attendance  on  association  meetings,  list  of  names 5 

increase  in  number  of  workers  on  economic  subjects 10 

Entomology,  applied,    present-day    features    in    America,   address   of   presi- 
dent. A.  L.  Quaintance 5-25 

economic,  factors  in  awakening  interest 10 

growth  and  benefil  to  agriculture <; 

literature,  extent,  character,  and  plan  for  resume  17-18 

problems,  conditions,  and  requirements    v 

savings  on  crops,   table 12 

Ephestia  kuehniella.     8e<   Flour  moth. 

Epicauta  pennsylvanica.  Texas  report  for  1904 86 

Epitrix  cucumeris,  Colorado  reporl  for  1904       61 

Epochra  canadensis,  Colorado  report  for  r.x»4 •">!> 

Eriocampoides  limacina,  injury  to  cherry  trees  in  Ohio 19 

Eriophyes  populi,  gall  maker.  Colorado  report  for  1904     59 

Experiment  station,  economic  entomology  Investigations,  note 11 


117 

Paye. 
Experiment  Stations.   Office,   bibliography  of  economic  entomology,   sug- 
gestions           95 

Experimental  farms  for  cotton  boll  weevil  control 15 

Pall  web-worm.  Ohio  report.  1904  (see  also  Webworm,  fall  i 50-51 

Earm  crops,  insect  enemies.  Colorado  report  for  1904 60 

production,  losses  by  insects  and  savings  by  economic  entomology__         12 

Farmer,  preference  for  Paris  green  and  other  remedies,  note 39 

Farming  methods  for  control  of  cotton  boll  weevil 14-17 

Farms,  experimental,  cotton  boll  weevil  control 15-1»; 

Felt.  E.  P..  paper  on  "Experiments  with  lime-sulphur  washes" 25-28 

"Notes  for  the  year — New  York" 51-52 

Ferxald.  H.  T.,  opinion  as  to  testing  insecticides 74 

Fidia  riticida.  Ohio  and  New  York  reports.  1904 52,54 

Flea-beetle,  potato.  Colorado  report  of  heavy  loss  in  1904 61 

red-legged,  injury  to  peach  orchard  in  Ohio 53 

Fleas,  fumigation  with  hydrocyanic-acid  gas.  note 97 

Flood.  Brazos,  destruction  of  cotton  boll  weevil 32 

Flour  moth.  Mediterranean.  Georgia  report  for  1904 72 

Minnesota  report  for  1904 56 

parasite 73 

Flowers,  destruction  by  ant.  Tridomyrmes  It  until  is 83 

Fly.     See  Frit  and  Hessian. 

Formula?,  lime-sulphur  wash  and  method  of  preparation 25-26 

Frit-fly.  Minnesota  report  for  1904 56 

Frosts,  killing,  in  Texas,  occurrence  and  effect  on  boll  weevil 30 

Fruit-fly.  gooseberry,  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

Fruit-house  fumigation,  control  of  codling  moth 101-103 

Fruit-moth,  grape,  Ohio  report.  1904 54 

Fruit-worm,  gooseberry.  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

Fruits,  deciduous,  increase  in  plantlng>.  1889-1899 6-7 

infestation  with  mealy  bugs,  note 81 

Fumigation,  fruit-house,  for  controlling  codling  moth,  paper  by  A.  F.  Bur- 
gess  I ' 101-103 

household  insects  and  their  eggs  with  hydrocyanic-acid  gas. 

some  notes,  paper  by  J.  L.  Phillips 95-97 

Galerncella  luteola,  appearance  at  Dayton.  Ohio 50 

Gall  makers.  Minnesota  report  for  1904 57 

Gall-producing  insects.  Cuba,  note 29 

Garden  vegetables,  insect  injuries.  Colorado  report  for  1904 59-60 

<;as.     See  Hydrocyanic-acid  gas. 

Georgia,   insects  for  the  year  1904,  paper  by  Wilmon  Newell   and  R.   I. 

Smith 0!t-74 

Gillette.  C.  F..  paper  on  "Insects  of  the  year  in  Colorado" 5s-i;i 

Gooseberries,  insect  attacks  in  Colorado  in  1904 59 

Gooseberry.     See  Fruit-fly  and  Fruit  worm. 

Government.  National,  relation  to  cotton  boll  weevil  control 41 

Grape  fruit-moth.  Ohio  report,  1904 54 

injuries  in  Ohio  in  1904 54-55 

new  enemy,  member  of  Oeeidomyiid;e.  appearance 54-55 

Grapevine,  protection  from  leaf-hopper,  use  of  spray 47 

rootworm,  Ohio  and  New  York  reports  for  1904 52,54 

Grasshoppers,  Colorado  report  for  1904 t;i 

Gypsy  moth,  problem  of  control,  notes 4<>.  41 

Heliothis  obsoleta,  Georgia  report  for  1904 70 

Hemiptera,  genera  subject  to  legislation lit 

Hessian  fly,  avoidance  by  delay  in  wheat  planting 14 

diminution  of  numbers  by  destroying  volunteer  wheat 72 

Georgia  report  for  1904 71-72 

increase  in  Ohio  in  19<»4 50 

Minnesota  and  Ohio  reports  for  1904 55 

Hibernation,  cotton  boll  weevil,  remarks 15,29.30.31 

Hippodamia  convergent;.  Georgia  report  for  19<»4 70 


118 

Tage. 

Honey  and  bee  industry,  branches 103 

bees.     See  Bees. 
Hopper,  tree,  buffalo,  New  York  report,  io<>4 r>i 

Household    Insects.       See    Insects,    household. 

Hydrated  lime  emulsion,  insecticide  use.  note pi 

Hydrocyanic-acid  gas,  fumigation  of   household   insects   and  their  eggs, 

some  notes,  paper  by  J.  L.  Phillips 95-97 

use  against  codling  moth 101-103 

Hymenopterous  insects.  Cuban,  usefulness 2<) 

Hyperaspis  sp..  Minnesota  report  for  1904 .TT 

Hyphantria  cunea.    sec  Web  worm.  fall. 

textor,  Georgia  report  for  i!><»4 70 

Tcerya  purchasi,  destruction  by  Novius  (Vedalia)  cardinalis 75 

Idaho  cricket.      See  Cricket. 

Insect  control,  importance,  remarks   (see  also  Insects) 9 

planting  and  cultivation,  relation 11 

Texas    proposal 20-21 

depredation,  losses  in  farm  production 12 

relation  to  increase  of  crops  and  orchards 7 

emergence,  rainfall  as  factor 36 

legislation  in  United  States,  summary T.» -20 

pest,   study,   suggestions .".7 

problems,  suggestions  of  remedies 24 

Insecticide,  sweet-potato  weevil,  use  of  arsenates  (see  also  Arsenate) <*»7 

Insecticides  and  parasites  for  insect  pests,  variahleness  of  results 7." 

experiments  for  cottony  maple  scale 85-88 

kinds   for  use  against  ants 84 

maple  scale,  preparation  and  application* 87 

more  important,  note 13 

proprietary,  testing,  remarks 74 

testing,  committee  on  cooperation,  names 7  1 

Insects,  codling  moth  and  other,  remedies,  notes 23 

Cuban,  paper  by  Mel  T.  Cook 28-29 

economic,  of  the  year  1904,  in  Ohio,  paper  by  A.  F.  I'.urgess 52-53 

Georgia,  for  year  1904,  paper  by  Wilmon  Newell  and  R.  I.  Smith__  69-74 
hibernating  as   adults,   hypothesis   for   fixing  date  of   maximum 

emergence      :!4-:'>7 

household,  and  their  eggs,   fumigation  with   hydrocyanic-acid  pis. 

paper  by  J.  L.   Phillips 1 95-97 

injurious,  in  .Minnesota  in  1904,  paper  by  F.  L.  Washburn 55  57 

instances  of  widespread  damage 9 

life   history,   studies,   remarks is    p> 

names  recommended  for  exclusive  use.  list 93—94 

notes  for  the  year.   New  York    51-52 

of  the  year  [1904]  in  Colorado,  paper  by  C.  P.  Gillette 58  -d 

Ohio,  brief  notes  for  1904,  paper  by  Herberl  Osborn 4!>-r>i 

(pests),  shade  tree,  Colorado  report    for   1904 59 

predatory,  introduced  into  New  Jersey,  present  status,  paper  by 

John    B.    Smith   74-70 

temperature  relation  r.» 

Texas,  miscellaneous  notes,  paper  by  A.   F.  Conradi *.__  66  68 

Iridomyrmex  humilis.    See  Ant. 

Italian  hees.  characteristics 105 

Ithycerm  noveboracensis,  Georgia  report  for  1904  7<» 

Johnson,  Jefferson,  statement   regarding  $50,000  prize  for  hoii  weevil 

control 16-17 

S.  Abthub,  paper  on  "Distribution  and  migrations  of  the  Mor- 
mon cricket  i  inabrus  simpler)  in  Colo- 
rado"  62-66 

"The  cottony  maple  scale:    an  unusual  out- 
break and  experiments  with  insecticides'"  85  s^ 


119 

Page. 
Kerosene.     Zee  Coal  oil. 

emulsion,  insecticide,  experiment  against  maple  scale 86,87,88 

use  against  coffee    leaf-miner 99 

cottony  maple  scale 90-91 

spraying  Lecanium  species r»7 

use  against  leaf-hopper  in  Minnesota 45,46 

Kero-water,  spraying  Lecanium  species r>7 

use  against  leaf-hopper  in  Minnesota 40.  47 

KlinophUo8  lectuUtria.     see  Clinocoris  lectularia. 

Lady  beetle.     See  Ladybird. 

Ladybird.  Asiatic,  use  against  scale  insects 69,79 

{Chilocorus  similis)   introduction  into  New  Jersey 76-77 

<  lady  beetle)  Chinese.  New  York  report.  1904 51-52 

Ohio  report  for  1904 52-53 

Lady  bug.     See  Ladybird. 

Laurent.  Philip,  work  with  Paratenodera  sinensis,  note 77.  7^ 

Lead,  arsenate.     See  Arsenate  of  lead. 

Leaf  worm,  cotton,  value  in  control  of  cotton  boll  weevil,  note 30 

Leaf-beetle,  elm.  appearance  at  Dayton.  Ohio 50 

New  York  report.  1904 ' 51 

Ohio  report  for  1904 ", 

Leaf-hopper,  destructive,  work  for  control,  preliminary  report,  paper  by 

F.  L.  Washburn 1 1  4::— 17 

Empoasea  mali,  life  history,  remarks 44 

grapevine  protection,   use  of  spray 47 

Minnesota  report  for  1904 56 

spraying  for  control 40-47 

Leaf-miner,  beet.  Colorado  report  for  1904 61 

coffee,  importance  in  Cuba 28 

life  history  and  treatment 98-99 

paper  by  Mel.  T.  Cook 1)7-99 

picking  of  coffee  leaves  in  spraying 99 

Lecanium,  species.  Minnesota  report  for  1904 ."7 

Legislation,  insect,  statement  for  United  States 19-20 

proposal  for  control  of  boll  weevil 40 

Lemon  trees,  injury  by  ant.  Iridomyrmex  humilis 83 

Lepidoptera.   Cuban,   pupation  periods 28 

genera  subject  to  legislation 2<> 

Leucoptera  coffeella.     See  Leaf-miner,  coffee. 
Lice,  plant.     See  Plant  lice. 

Ligyrus  rugiceps,  Georgia  report  for  1!>o4 72 

Lime  and  Paris  green  mixture,  use  against  Alabama  argillacea T» » 

hydrated.  use  as  insecticide,  note 91 

salt,  and  sulphur  wash,  usefulness,  notes 21.22 

sulphur,  and  salt  wash,  usefulness  in  eastern  United  States !''> 

Lime-sulphur-salt  insecticide,  experiment  on  maple  scale 86,87,88 

wash,  new,  formula  and  preparation 26 

poor  success  in  New  Jersey 27 

use  against  San  Jose  scale  in  Georgia 69 

washes,  experiments,  paper  by  E.  P.  Felt 25-28 

"  Lincoln  bug.**     See  Cryptocephalus  obsoTetus. 

Live  oak.  observation  of  ant  nests,  note 

Locust,  black,  infestation  by  riea-beetle .".."> 

infestation   with  gall-makers,   note ^ 57 

seventeen-year.  Ohio  report   for  1904 r>4 

Locusts,  black,  infestation  with  cottony  maple  scale,  note 85 

Louisiana,  distribution  of  ant  Iridomyrmex  humilis v 

New  Orleans,   ant  pest,   report 79-S4 

Loxostege  sticticalis.     See  Webworm. 

Lyctus  striatus,  injury  to  electric  cars 53-54 

Maggot,  apple.  Ohio  report,  1904 

radish.  Colorado  report  for  1904 59-60 

wheat-stem,  Minnesota  report  for  1904 56 


120 

Page. 

Magnolia,   insect   injuries  in  Georgia   in   1904 72 

Halacosoma  americana,  Ohio  report  for  1904  53 

Malaria,  spread  by  mosquitoes,  Texas  observation 68 

M.uit i<i.  Paratenodera  sinensis,  introduction  into  New  Jersey 77-78 

Mantis,  danger  to  aphid-eating  coccinellid,  note   :  Ti» 

Mantis  religiosa,  Introduction  Into  New  . Jersey v 78 

Map,  Mormon  crickel   territory,  Colorado r.4 

Maple,  infestation  with  cottony  maple  scale,  note r>7 

scale, cottony, Colorado  report  for  1(.»<U 59 

1'ood   plants,   list 90 

life  history  and  spraying,  remarks 85 

Minnesota  report   for  1904 .">7 

unusual  outbreak  and  insecticide  experiments,  paper 

by  S.  Arthur  Johnson 85  s^ 

work  for  destruction  at  Chicago 89-91 

Boft,  infestation  with  cottony  maple  scale      85-91 

gall-makers,    note r>7 

Hayetiola  destructor.     See  Hessian  fly. 

Mealy  bugs,  infestation  of  sugar  cane  and  citrus  fruits 80,  81 

Mediterranean  Hour  moth.     See  Flour  moth. 
Megapis  dorsata  and  1/.  zonata.     See  Bees,  giant. 

MelanoplU8  spp.,  Colorado  report  for  1904 61 

}f(litti<t  satyriniformis,  Georgia  report,  broods,  etc.,  for  1904 72 

Melon  aphis.  Colorado  report  for   1904 60 

Members,  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists,  list 109-112 

[feraporus  sp.  Cecidomyiid  parasite 57 

Meromyza  americana,  Minnesota  report  for  1904 56 

Migration,  sweet-potato  weevil,   remarks , 67-68 

Migrations,  Mormon  cricket   (Anabrus  simpler)   in  Colorado  in  1(.><>4 62-66 

Minnesota,  injurious  insects  in  1904.  paper  by  F.  L.  Washburn 55-57 

nurseries,  destructive  loafdiopper.  note 4'.^ 

Mite,  phytoptus,  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

Mormon  cricket.     See  Cricket 

Mosquitoes,  Texas  observations  in  1904 68 

transmission  of  disease,  study  and  publications 22-23 

Moth.     See  Codling  moth,  Flour  moth.  Gypsy  moth,  and  Webworm. 

Myzus  cerasi,  cherry  aphis,  Colorado  report  for  1904 58 

Naphthalin.  effect  on  eggs  of  cabinet  beetle 4S 

Sfectarophora  pisi,  pea  aphis.  Colorado  report  for  1904 «'>(» 

New  England,  black-fly  as  pest 100 

Hampshire,  black-fly,  annoyance  and  means  of  extermination 100-101 

Jersey,  insects  injurious  and  beneficial,  discouraging  condition 78 

lime-sulphur  wash,  poor  success 27 

present    status   of   predatory    insects    introduced,    paper    by 

John   B.   Smith   74-79 

Orleans,  occurrence  of  pest  of  ant  Iridomyrmex  humilis,  paper  by 

E.  s.  G.  Titus  7!'  $4 

York,  insect  notes  for  the  year  I  1904],  paper  by  E.  P.  Felt 51-52 

spraying  grapevines  for  control  of  leaf-hopper 47 

Newell,  Wh.mon.  aid  in  Introduction  of  ladybird  into  New  Jersey 77 

and  R.  1.  SMITH,  paper  on  "  Insects  of  the  year  1904  in 

Georgia  " (59-74 

Nomenclature,  committee  recommendations      !••", 

\>, rius   (Vedalia)  cardenalis,  California  work,  note     75 

Nurseries, control  of  San  Jose  scale,  note 21 

injuries  by  leaf -hopper  (Empoasca  mali),  notes 43,44 

Oak,  insect  Injury  in  Georgia  In  1904 - —        72 

Officers,  Association  of.  Economic  Entomologists,  nomination  and  election.  91  92 

Ohio, economic  insects  of  1904,  paper  by  A.  F.  Burgess      52  55 

Insects,  brief  notes  for  i*.»(M.  paper  by  Herbert  Osborn  4'.'  51 

Oil.      8et    C<-al  <-il. 

1  tun., 'in*  {Campoplex)  frumentarius,  Georgia  report  for  1904       72 

Oncideres  cingulata,  Texas  report  for  r.»<»i 6tJ 

Onions,  Insect  injury  in  Texas 66 


121 

Page. 

Orchard  enemies,  Colorado  report  for  1904 58-59 

Orchards,  increase  in  trees  in  United  States.  1890-1900 7 

Orthoptera,  grasshoppers  subject  to  legislation 19 

Osborx,  Herbert,  paper  on  "  Brief  notes  on  Ohio  insects  for  1904  " 49-51 

Oscinis  soror,  Minnesota  report  for  1904 ! 

Oviposition,  date,  hypothesis  for  insects  hibernating  as  adults 34-37 

Mormon  cricket  (Anabrus  simpler),  notes <*,2.  63 

sweet-potato  weevil,  remarks 67 

Pagoda,  Colorado,  numbers  of  Mormon  crickets 65 

Paleacrita  vernata,  Ohio  report,  190-1 53 

Palms,  infestation  with  mealy  bugs,  notes 80,81 

Papaipema  nitela,  New  York  report.  1904 51 

Parasites  and  insecticides  for  insect  pests,  variableness  of  results 75 

Paratenodera  sinensis,  introduction  into  New  Jersey A 77-78 

Paris  green  and  lime  mixture,  use  against  Aletia  argillacea 70 

opposing  views  as  to  use  against  boll  weevil 42 

use  and  failure  as  boll  weevil  remedy 39 

Pea  aphis.  Colorado  report  for  1904 60 

Peach  aphis,  black.  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

borer,  numbers  in  Ohio.  1904 50 

orchard,  injury  by  red-legged  flea-beetle  in  Ohio 53 

orchards,  injury  by  plum  curculio GO 

trees  and  blossoms,  injuries  by  insects  in  Georgia 70 

Pear  blight,  insects  as  means  of  spread 108 

Psylla.  New  York  report  for  1904 51 

slug,  injury  to  cherry  trees  in  Ohio 49 

Pears,  destruction  by  ant.  Iridomyrmex  humilis 1 83 

Pecan,  injury  by  insects  in  Georgia  in  1904 70 

Pegomya  vidna,  Colorado  report,  1904 01 

Pennsylvania,  use  of  lime-sulphur  wash 28 

Pentilia  misella,  occurrence  in  New  Jersey,  note 77 

Pests.     See  Insects. 

Phanerotoma  tibialis.  Georgia  report  for  1904 73 

Phillips,  J.   L..  paper  on   "  Some  notes  on  the  fumigation  of  household 

insects  with  hydrocyanic-acid  gas" 95-97 

Phinotas  oil.  use  against  black-fly 100 

Phytoptida\  genus  subject  to  legislation 19 

Phytoptus  mite.  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

Pines,  infestation  with  Lecanium 57 

Plant  lice.  Colorado  report  for  1904  {see  also  Aphis) 58J-59 

distribution  and  care  by  ants 80,  s1 

New  York  report.  1904 51 

Plum  aphis,  green.  Colorado  report  for  1904 58 

curculio.  Georgia  report  for  1904 69 

Minnesota  report  for  1904 56 

Ohio  report  for  1904 51 

Polychrosia  viteana,  Ohio  report  for  1904 -"4 

Poplar,  infestation  with  oak  borer  in  Colorado,  note 59 

Poplars,  attack  of  willow  weevil,  note 51 

infestation  with  willow  curculio 56 

insect  injury  in  Colorado  in  1904.  note 59 

Porto  Rico,  coffee  trees,  infestation  with  leaf  miner !»7 

Potassium  cyanide,  use  in  fumigation  against  codling  moth 102 

insecticide  fumigation 95 

Potato  flea-beetle.  Colorado  report  for  r.x>4 61 

Potatoes,  sweet,  injury  by  weevil 67 

Powder  post  beetle,  injury  to  electric  cars 53-54 

President.  United  States,  remarks  on  protection  against  insects 

Prionoxy8tti8  robinice,  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

Proprietary  insecticides,  testing,  remarks 74 

Pseudococcus  citri,  distribution  and  care  by  ants SO 

Psylla  pyri,  New  York  report,  1904 51 

Publications,  economic  entomology,  character 18 

use  of  trade  names,  names  of  persons,  etc 7:; 


L22 

Page. 

Pulvinaria amygdali,  destruction  by  Asiatic  ladybird,  note 69 

innumerabilis.     Sec  also  Maple  scale,  cottony. 

misstatements 89 

some   experiences,    paper   by   Howard    Evarts 

Wood ss  93 

Quaintance,  A.  L..  address  on  "Some  present-day  features  of  applied  en- 
tomology in  America  " 5-25 

Quarantine,  insect.  Ineffectiveness,  note 41 

Radish  maggot,  Colorado  reporl  for  1904 59 

Rainfall,  destruction  of  hibernating  brood  of  boll  weevil .■'..*'» 

relation  to  insect  emergence 36 

variation  in  weevil-infested  region  of  cotton  growing 1." 

Red-legged  flea-beetle,  injury  to  peach  in  Ohio 53 

"Remedies,"  boll  weevil,  improbability  of  discovery 39 

Rhagoletis  pomonella,  Ohio  report,  1904 '  51 

Rhizobius  lophantce,  introduction  into  New  Jersey,  result 75-76 

Root-worm,  corn.  Ohio  report,  1904  {see  also  Grape) 51 

grapevine,  work  in  New  York  in  1904 52 

Rotation,  cotton  with  cowpeas;   relation  to  Chalcodennus  ceneus ...  71 

Salt,  lime,  sulphur  wash.     See  Lime. 

San  Jose  scale,  coccinellid.  introduction,  necessity  of  care 79 

Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

distribution  and  legislation 20,21 

Georgia  report  for  1904 69 

New  York  report,   1904 51 

parasites,  failures  in  introduction  into  New  Jersey 75-77 

predatory  insects  for  control,  problem 74-75 

Texas  report  for  1904 66 

Sanderson,  E.  Dwight,  paper  on  "  Some  observations  on  the  cotton  boll 

weevil  " 29-11 

Sanninoidea  exitiosa,  numbers  in  Ohio.  1904 50 

S.-iwlly.  violet.  Xew  York  report.  1904 51 

Scale  insects,  kinds  subject  of  legislation   (sec  also  Cherry,  Maple,  San 

Jose,  and  Toumeyella  turgida) 19,20 

scurfy,  proposed  cyanide  fumigation 96 

Schtzoneura  lanigera,  Colorado  report  for  1904 58 

Scientific  activity,  present  era.  remarks 

Screw  worm,  occurrence  in  Ohio  in  1904 50 

Scymnus  marginicollis,  introduction  into  New  Jersey,  result 75-76 

shade  tree  pests.  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

trees,  infestation  with  cottony  maple  scale 57 

Silk,  production.  American,  preliminary  work 10 

sim niiiiiii  venustum.     S(c  Black  fly. 

sim, .ruin n  basilare,  Georgia  report  for  1904 70 

Slug,  pear,  injury  to  cherry  trees  in  Ohio 49-51 

Smith,  John  B.,  paper  on  "The  present  status  of  predatory  insects  intro- 
duced into  \ew  Jersey  "        . 74-79 

R.   I.  and   YVii.mon   NEWELL,  paper  on  "  Insects  of  the  year   1904  in 

Georgia  " 69  71 

Soap,  soft,  50  pei-  cent  naphtha,  use  in  kerosene  emulsion -_ 91 

Soda  arsenate,  insecticide  use,  note   7.". 

caustic  and  sal.  use  in  lime  sulphur  wash   {see  nisi,  Caustic  soda)      _  20 

Sorghum,  shelter  for  cotton  boll   weevil ."'.l 

Spray,  dust,  experiments  againsl  leaf-hoppers  in  .Minnesota 17 

kerosene  emulsion  and  kero-water.  use  against    leaf  hoppers 46 

Spraying,  codling  moth,  Colorado  report  for  1904     58 

cottony    maple  scale,   suggestions         B5 

machine,  for  leaf  hopper,  details  <»f  construction 44-46 

maple  scale,  use  of  kerosene  emulsion       on  oi 

use  of  ii sulphur  and  other  washes 25  27 

Squash  bug,  Ohio  report,  1904 50 

Stalk  borer,  New  Fork  report,  1904                                      51 

smlk^.  cotton,  destruction  :is  means  of  weevil  control       31,40 

Sugarcane,  Infestation  by  mealy  bugs M 


123 

Page. 

Sugar-beet  webworm.     See  Webworin. 
Sulphur,  lime,  salt  wash.     See  Lime. 

Sulphuric  acid,  use  in  making  hydrocyanic-acid  gas  for  fumigation 95,  102 

Summers,  heat  and  dryness,  relation  to  boll  weevil  increase 37 

Sweet-potato  weevil.     See  Weevil. 

Systena  blanda,  Georgia  report  for  1904 71 

Temperature,  effect  on  cotton  boll  weevil,  remarks 29 

limitation  of  insect  pests ID 

relation  to  emergence  of  boll  weevil 33,  34-37 

Tent  caterpillar.  Ohio  report.  1904 53 

Tests,  proprietary  insecticides,  remarks,  and  committee 74 

Tetrastichus  sp..  Cecidomyiid  parasite 57 

Texas,  climatic  variation,  relation  to  boll  weevil 31.  32 

Cotton  boll  weevil  problem.  $50,000  reward  for  control,  results  of 

offer 16 

insect  control  proposed,  remarks 20-21 

miscellaneous  notes  [insects],  paper  by  A.  F.  Conradi 66-68 

southern,  climatic  conditions,  as  cause  of  loss  of  cotton  by  weevil. _  32.  33 

Thyridopteryx  ephemerwformis,  Ohio  report.  1904 50 

Tibicen  septendecim,  cicada.  Ohio  report  for  1904 .~»4 

Titus.  E.  S.  G.,  paper  on  "  New  Orleans  ant.  tridomyrmex  humilis" 79-84 

Tobacco  stems,  insecticide,  experiment  against  cottony  maple  scale 87,  88 

use  against  woolly  apple  aphis,  note 58 

Tourney ella  turgida,  Georgia  report  for  1904 72 

Trade  names,  use  in  publications,  discussion 73 

Trap  crop,  cowpeas.  for  Chalcodermus  uncus 71 

lights,  use  agaiust  Oncideres  cingulata  in  Texas 66 

Tree-hoppers,  buffalo.  New  York  report,  1904 51 

Trees,  food  plants  of  cottony  maple  scale,  list 90 

Victoria,  Tex.,  observations  on  cotton  boll  weevil 30,32,33 

^  iereck.  Henry  L..  paper  on  "Additions  to  our  knowledge  of  the  cabinet 

beetle   {Anthrenus   verbasci  I" 1 48-49 

Violet  sawriy.  New  York  report.  1904 ."il 

Virginia,  lime-sulphur  wash,  poor  result 28 

Wash,  lime-sulphur-salt     See  Lime. 

Washburx.  F.  L...  paper  on  "  Injurious  insects  in  Minnesota  in  1904" 55-^57 

"Preliminary  report  upon  work  against  a  de- 
structive leaf-hopper   (Empoasca  mali) 43-17 

Weather,  effect  on  Hessian  fly  in  Georgia 71 

fall  and  winter,  effect  on  cotton  boll  weevil 15.  20.  30,  31.  32.  33 

relation  to  boll  weevil  emergence 

cultural  methods  for  control  of  boll  weevil 39-40 

Webworm.  fall,  broods  in  Connecticut,  paper  by  W.  E.  Britton 42-43 

Ohio   report.    1904 50-51 

sugar-beet.  Colorado  report  for  1904 60-61 

Weed.  Howard  Evabts,  paper  on  •'Some  experiences  with  Pulvinaria  " 88-91 

Weevil,  cotton  boll.     See  Boll  weevil,  cotton. 

sweet-potato,   life  history,   notes 67 

Texas  report  for  1904 •' 

willow,  spread  in  Ohio 49-50 

Whale-oil  soap  insecticide,  experiment  against  maple  scale 86,  s7.  ss 

Wheat.  Hessian  fly  damage  in  Georgia 71 

Wheat-stem  maggot.  Minnesota  report  for  1904 56 

Williams  River  Mountains.  Colorado,  breeding  ground  of  Mormon  cricket  62, 

63,64,65 

Willow  curculio.  imported.  Minnesota  report  for  1904 56-57 

tree.  New  Orleans,  infestation  with  ant.  Iridomyrmex  hum  His 83 

weevil,  spread  in  Ohio _ 49-50 

Willows,  attack  of  willow  weevil,  note 50 

Winter,  relation  to  cotton  boll  weevil  control 15 

W Hand,  shelter  for  cotton  boll  weevil :;i 

Worm,  screw,  occurrence  in  Ohio  in  1904 50 

Zophodia  grossulariw,  Colorado  report  for  1904 59 

o 


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